Cold-induced elevation of forearm vascular resistance is inversely related to birth weight

Nichols, S; Boyne, Michael S.; Thame, M; Osmond, Clive; Wilks, Rainford; Bennett, Franklyn I.; McFarlane‐Anderson, Norma; Young, Ronald E.; Forrester, Terrence

doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1001826

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…37,42 The physiological measurements reported in the current study add support to the fetal programming hypothesis. Research in adult populations has documented that BP levels and the risk of HTN were strongly related to birth weight.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

“…37 Cardiovascular reactivity, the increases in systolic or diastolic BPs as a reaction to induced physiological stress, has been reported to be predictive of HTN in adults. The cold pressor test of hand immersion in cold water for 1 minute to induce physiologic stress was used to determine hyperresponsivity.…”

Section: Bp and Salivary Cortisol Responsivity To A Physiological Strmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Association of Low Birth Weight and Physiological Risk Factors of Hypertension in African American Adolescents

Covelli

Wood

Yarandi³

2007

Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Section: Bp and Salivary Cortisol Responsivity To A Physiological Strmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association of Low Birth Weight and Physiological Risk Factors of Hypertension in African American Adolescents

Covelli

Wood

Yarandi³

2007

Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing

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“…Under such circumstances, peripheral vasoconstriction (which boosts venous filling pressure and end-diastolic ventricular volume) may be the principal means of increasing BP during the initial minutes of CO 2 exposure. The accompanying hyperpnea may also help because it lowers pleural pressure, which draws blood into the right side of the heart (24,25). An exceptionally strong preterm vasoconstrictor reflex may compensate for the delayed cardioacceleratory response of the preterm infant to CO 2 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abnormal Circulatory Stress Responses of Preterm Graduates

2007

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Preterm birth and chronic lung disease may increase the risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease in infancy and adolescence. Here we looked for evidence of early circulatory dysfunction associated with these perinatal complications. We compared infants born at term (n ϭ 12) with those born preterm with an uncomplicated neonatal course (n ϭ 12) or diagnosed with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) (n ϭ 10). We measured blood pressure (BP) (Finometer), and heart rate (HR) responses to 4 min of breathing 4% CO 2 during quiet sleep. Hypercapnia accelerated HR and increased BP of term infants. Preterm infants either (i) had an exaggerated pressor but little or no HR response to CO 2 (healthy or mild-moderate BPD) or (ii) had a diminished pressor response and accompanying decrease in HR (severe BPD). Short-term reflex cardiovascular control was consequently altered by premature birth, with potentially more serious aberrations associated with severe BPD. Most anomalies had not resolved by the time infants born preterm reached term age; some may be early signs of emerging long-term cardiovascular dysfunction. W ith the impressive increase in survival of very preterm and low birth weight infants come new challenges. Evidence already indicates that this "new generation" of children and adolescents may have accelerated disease onset later in life (1). One factor contributing to their higher risk of cardiovascular disease may be abnormal vascular and circulatory development (2-4). Cardiovascular activity is normally carefully regulated, but if some or all of the central and peripheral regulatory mechanisms involved fail to develop normally, perfusion, growth, and function may be compromised. In exceptional circumstances during infancy, persistent serious dysfunction could result in a sudden catastrophic decrease in BP and HR or prevent autoresuscitative recovery, culminating in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) (5,6). In other cases, dysfunction may be relatively benign, although there may still be side effects with adverse consequences of their own.We know relatively little about how BP and HR control develops, and the potentially adverse effects of fetal and perinatal stress. A better understanding of these issues could lead to new therapies or strategies to prevent neonatal complications and improve long-term outcome. In the study described here, we looked for evidence that development of neonatal circulatory control is altered by common perinatal complications (7). We studied three different groups of newborn infants: those born normally at term, those born preterm but otherwise healthy, and infants born very preterm suffering from chronic lung disease (BPD). Infants with BPD are at particularly high risk of long-term cardiovascular complications and SIDS (8 -10). We compared BP and HR responses of these infants to a routine physiologic stress (breathing a low concentration of CO 2 for several minutes) commonly used to unmask autonomic anomalies (11). Normally, acute exposure to CO 2 increases BP and HR ...

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“…Stress was induced by placing the right hand up to the wrist in 4° to 5°C (39° to 41°F) cold water for 1 minute. This methodology has been used in many research studies and has been a reliable way to induce the stress response (Chobanian et al, 2003;Fardy et al, 2000;Harrell et al, 1999;Nichols et al, 2005;Saab et al, 1993;Wood, Sheps, Elveback, & Schirger, 1984).…”

Section: Blood Pressure and Cortisol Reactivity Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Definitions of LBW vary, and generally range from 2900 to 2500 grams or less (Barker et al, 2005;Nichols et al, 2005). For this pilot study, a positive history of LBW was defined as a report by parent or guardian of an adolescent's birth weight of 2900 grams or less.…”

Section: Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship of Low Birth Weight to Blood Pressure, Cortisol Levels, and Reactivity in African American Adolescents: A Pilot Study

Covelli

2006

Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing

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Epidemiological studies show a relationship between low birth weight (LBW) and adult cardiovascular disease. Blood pressure and cortisol hyper-responsiveness during physiologic stress may function as biological markers for hypertension. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship of blood pressure and cortisol levels with induced physiologic stress to LBW. Forty-eight adolescents, 14 to 16 years old, were tested for blood pressure and cortisol levels at rest and in response to a physiological stressor. A history of LBW was obtained. Multivariate repeated measures analysis and chi-square analyses were used to determine the changes in blood pressure and cortisol.Forty-eight African American adolescents, mean age 14.98 years (SD = 0.33), completed the study. Thirteen adolescents (27%) reported LBW. Although not statistically significant, systolic and diastolic pressures were 6 mmHg and 2 mmHg, respectively, higher in the LBW group when compared with the normal birth weight (NBW) group (p = 0.33 and p = 0.21, and 6 (46%) had elevated blood pressures (p = 0.005)). Blood pressure changes, cardiovascular reactivity, elevated blood, or all of these were significantly higher in LBW African American adolescents (p = 0.006). Cardiovascular reactivity was not significant (p = 0.208)). The mean average cortisol levels were (18.8 nmol/dL (SD = 11.0) but comparable (p = 0.72)). The number of LBW adolescents with cortisol reactivity was significantly higher that in the NBW group (p = 0.041). This study adds support to the association of LBW to biological markers of hypertension in childhood.

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Cold-induced elevation of forearm vascular resistance is inversely related to birth weight

Cited by 12 publications

References 35 publications

The Association of Low Birth Weight and Physiological Risk Factors of Hypertension in African American Adolescents

The Association of Low Birth Weight and Physiological Risk Factors of Hypertension in African American Adolescents

Abnormal Circulatory Stress Responses of Preterm Graduates

The Relationship of Low Birth Weight to Blood Pressure, Cortisol Levels, and Reactivity in African American Adolescents: A Pilot Study

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