Cold hardiness of Pyrrhocoris apterus (Heteroptera: Pyrrhocoridae) from central and southern Europe

Kalushkov, Plamen; Nedvěd, Oldřich

doi:10.14411/eje.2000.027

Cited by 26 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…There are also some genetic differences among locust populations from south to north in China (Zhang & Kang, 2000), but it is unknown whether such differences affect their cold hardiness. The geographic variations in cold hardiness of a single species or inter-population have also been supported strongly in previous studies (Turnock et al, 1990(Turnock et al, , 1998Shintani & Ishikawa, 1999;Kallushkov & Nedved, 2000), however a comprehensive study of locust cold hardiness and its relationship with geographical distribution has not been conducted.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 56%

“…At the same time, the northern population had a longer low lethal time 50 , 167 h compared with the southern population time of 3.9 h at À10 C (Table 3). In other insects, this phenomenon has been attributed to climatic differences (Scott & George, 1994, 1995Strathdee et al, 1995;Kallushkov & Nedved, 2000), presumably as an adaptation to aid survival of northern populations over longer, colder winters. For the locust, there were fewer generations in the northern region than in the southern region, so the length of time spent as an egg in the north and south differed markedly.…”

Section: Survival At Low Temperaturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geographical variation in egg cold hardiness: a study on the adaptation strategies of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria L.

Jing

Kang

2003

Ecological Entomology

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Abstract. 1. For many species of insect, cold hardiness is an important trait that enables a population to develop in the next season and to extend its range. To elucidate the role of cold hardiness of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria L. in its outbreak and distribution areas, egg cold hardiness was examined in locusts derived from four locations from latitude 18 23 0 N to latitude 41 10 0 N in eastern China.2. The supercooling points of eggs from different geographic populations did not differ significantly for the first development stage, with an average AE SE of À24.5 AE 0.51 C, or for the second stage, À22.06 AE 0.68 C, however there was a significant difference for the embryonic development phase among the four geographical populations. The egg supercooling point increased gradually from neonatal egg to old egg; eggs prior to hatching always had a much higher supercooling point.3. Comparisons of the cold hardiness of four populations were carried out by validating the close correlation between latitude and the effects of cold on hatching, low lethal temperature (Ltemp 50 ), and low lethal time (Ltime 50 ). There were significant differences among the four populations; the northern population was more cold hardy than the southern population, and the two mid-latitude populations were intermediately cold hardy.4. The cold hardiness of all populations was enhanced to various degrees by short-term cold acclimation at 0 C and 5 C. For most populations, a 2-day acclimation period seemed to be optimal.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Section: Survival At Low Temperaturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geographical variation in egg cold hardiness: a study on the adaptation strategies of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria L.

Jing

Kang

2003

Ecological Entomology

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“…The European elm bark beetle, Scolytus multistriatus (Marsham), freezes at a higher temperature in the Temperate Cold Continental climate of Michigan, USA, (-24.1°C; Truchan & Butcher, 1970) than in the colder Boreal Continental zone of mid-Asia (-53.0°C; Lozina-Lozinskii, 1974). Differences in the SCP that are correlated with differences in the mean January temperature are also recorded for Pyrrhocoris apterus (L.) in Bulgaria and the Czech Republic (Kalushkov & Nedv d, 2000;Hodková & Hodek, 1994). Exochomus quadripustulatus (L.) is anomalous, with an SCP of -13.5°C in the Temperate Cold Continental zone at Leningrad (Pantyukhov, 1971) and -24.0°C from the Temperate Warm Continental zone in southern Bohemia (Nedv d, 1993).…”

Section: Variation Within Species Among and Within Climatic Zonesmentioning

confidence: 77%

Winter climates and coldhardiness in terrestrial insects

Turnock¹,

Fields²

2005

Eur. J. Entomol.

110

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Abstract. Overwintering insects must avoid injury and death from the freezing of tissues and from metabolic disruptions associated with exposure to low, non-freezing temperatures. The winter climates of the world are classified in relation to insect overwintering on the basis of their minimum temperatures and the duration of the winter (when temperatures are below the thermal range for activity and development). Outside the Tropical Wet zone, the severity of exposure to cold (temperature, snowfall, duration of exposure, predictability, variability) can vary from a few days at 0°C to months below -20°C with extremes as low as -60°C. The severity of the temperature exposure may be ameliorated by the selection by insects of overwintering sites (exposed, partly-exposed, protected). The relationships among overwintering habitats, the minimum winter temperature in climatic zones, and the supercooling points (SCP) of over 350 terrestrial insects from published reports were examined. Variability in the SCP among insects within each climatic zone and habitat was wide. Among the freeze-susceptible species that overwintered in exposed or partly-protected habitats the SCP and the cold severity of climate were correlated. This was not the case for insects that overwintered in protected habitats. The SCP's of freeze-tolerant insects were generally higher than the freeze-susceptible insects, and the SCP's were not tightly linked with the cold severity of climatic zone. Insects, both freeze-susceptible and freeze-tolerant, overwintering in exposed habitats had lower SCP's than insects from habitats that offered some protection from ambient temperatures. Thirty-eight species had reports of SCP's for different geographical locations. Although there were occasionally differences in the SCP's, there was no consistent pattern of insects having lower SCP's when overwintering in colder habitats. The incidence of freeze-tolerance was higher in boreal and polar climatic zones than in climatic zones with warmer winters. Holometabola insects had a higher incidence of freeze-tolerance than hemimetabola insects. Suggestions for future research directions are outlined.

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“…The Tukey Honest Significant Difference (HSD) test was used to detect significant differences between means. The form of the relationship between survival rate and time or temperature of exposure was determined by Weibull function or Probit analysis (see Kalushkov & Nedv d, 2000). The exposure duration that resulted in 50% survival (Ltime50), or the exposure temperature that resulted in 50% survival (Ltemp.50), was estimated.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supercooling capacity and cold hardiness of the eggs of the grasshopper Chorthippus fallax (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

Hao¹,

Kang²

2004

Eur. J. Entomol.

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Abstract. Cold tolerance of the eggs of the grasshopper, Chorthippus fallax (Zubovsky), was examined in the laboratory. Egg supercooling points varied from -6°C to -32.4°C and could be divided into two groups. The supercooling points of the higher SCP group ranged from -6°C to -14°C and those of lower SCP group from -21.8°C to -32.4°C. Although low temperature acclimation could slightly decrease the supercooling points of eggs, the effect was not significant for all embryonic developmental stages or acclimation periods. The supercooling capacity was obviously different between pre-diapause, diapause and post-diapause embryonic stages. The mean supercooling points of pre-diapause and diapause eggs were similar; -28.8 ± 1.6°C and -30.7 ± 1.0°C for non-acclimated eggs and -29.5 ± 1.3°C and -31.18 ± 0.8°C for acclimated eggs respectively. However, the mean supercooling points of postdiapause eggs were significantly higher; -12.9 ± 5.6°C for non-acclimated and -13.5 ± 4.5°C for acclimated eggs respectively. The survival rates of diapause eggs at > -25°C were not significantly different from that at 25°C, but survival rates at < -30°C decreased significantly. The lethal temperature (Ltemp50) for a 12 hrs exposure was -30.1°C, and the lethal time (Ltime50) at -25°C was 44 days. Since the SCPs of diapause eggs was similar to their Ltemp50, we may consider the supercooling capacity of such eggs is a good indicator of their cold hardiness and the species is a true freeze avoiding insect. Based on the analysis of local winter temperature data, pre-diapause and diapause, low SCP eggs can safely survive severe winters, but not the post-diapause, high SCP eggs. The importance of the overwintering strategy and the relationship between diapause and cold hardiness of this species is discussed.

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Cold hardiness of Pyrrhocoris apterus (Heteroptera: Pyrrhocoridae) from central and southern Europe

Cited by 26 publications

References 12 publications

Geographical variation in egg cold hardiness: a study on the adaptation strategies of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria L.

Geographical variation in egg cold hardiness: a study on the adaptation strategies of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria L.

Winter climates and coldhardiness in terrestrial insects

Supercooling capacity and cold hardiness of the eggs of the grasshopper Chorthippus fallax (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

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