Cold Drink Ingestion Improves Exercise Endurance Capacity in the Heat

Lee, Jason; Shirreffs, Susan M.; Maughan, Ronald J.

doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318178465d

Cited by 135 publications

(178 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…For example, Koga et al [24] find that elevated muscle temperature does not contribute to the slow component during heavy exercise, while MacDougall et al [26] find slight but significant increases in 2 O V  to be greater for hyperthermal conditions during heavy prolonged exercise. Similarly, Lee et al [25] and Siegel et al [29] find that ice slurry and cold drink ingestion decreases core body temperature and increases exercise endurance in the heat (findings of particular relevance towards the present article as discussed shortly), while Peiffer et al [27] V  and corresponding T core changes occur, the changes are slight [1], [3], [13], [24], [26], and this slightness is a likely contributing factor towards conflicting temperature-related research findings. Given the challenge of isolating temperature effects from the effects of more dominant factors (such as The present article is not considering, or suggesting model efficacy towards, seriously deleterious hyperthermia above approximately 40 o C where the human body's thermoregulatory system fails to cope and a significant decline in physical state results.…”

supporting

confidence: 53%

“…(3), a meaningful blood temperature reduction following prolonged ice slurry ingestion will also bring about a temporary blood viscosity increase due to both the viscosity's temperature dependency and capillary constriction. Such a viscosity increase will result in a meaningful (1) would serve to amplify (via multiplicative enforcement) the resulting work increase, lending to explanation of the significant temperature effects reported by others [25], [29]. A similar rationale may be applied to explain cold versus warm water ingestion findings [25].…”

Section: Vascular Response To Blood Temperature Decreasementioning

confidence: 87%

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The Thermodynamics of Exercise Science

Simeoni¹

2014

Int. J. Thermo

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This article describes the "human body engine" via a thermodynamics-based model that considers the work associated with gas pressure, volume and temperature changes for the glucose-based equation of respiration. The efficacy of the model is supported by prior studies that: accurately predict the slow component of oxygen uptake kinetics; quantitatively explain observed race splitting strategies within endurance events; and accurately predict maximum velocities in endurance swimming. These prior studies are summarized by the review component of the present article which additionally presents new temperature-dependent efficiency implications especially relevant for heat-affected athletes. The new model implications support reported experimental observations and also potentially provide quantified clarity to an area of exercise physiology research known to be challenged by opposing experimental findings, thus providing further support for model efficacy. A 0.32% efficiency decline per 1 o C increase in core body temperature is predicted. The model is also applied to the "ice slurry ingestion" regime which reportedly offers significant performance advantages (greater than that predicted by the model based on core temperature change alone) for endurance athletes competing in the heat, and the model reconciles with such advantages when ice slurry effect on arterial exchange temperatures and partial pressures are incorporated.

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supporting

confidence: 53%

Section: Vascular Response To Blood Temperature Decreasementioning

confidence: 87%

The Thermodynamics of Exercise Science

Simeoni¹

2014

Int. J. Thermo

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“…Lee et al 5 described a practical precooling method suitable for field-based application. They reported that 900 mL of cold (4°C) fluid ingested over 30 minutes before exercise in the heat reduced pre-exercise rectal temperature by 0.5 ± 0.1°C.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When cold-fluid ingestion was continued during exercise at a rate of 100 mL every 10 minutes, thermal, cardiovascular, and perceptual responses were lower, and cycling time to exhaustion at approximately 66% maximum oxygen consumption (Vo 2 max) was improved by 23% (approximately 12 minutes) beyond the control-fluid (37°C) condition. 5 Based on the 0.5°C reduction in pre-exercise rectal temperature, the authors hypothesized that pre-exercise ingestion of cold fluid without continued provision of cold fluid during exercise could improve performance in the heat. However, this hypothesis has not been tested.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Paced Exercise Performance in the Heat After Pre-Exercise Cold-Fluid Ingestion

Byrne

Owen

Cosnefroy

et al. 2011

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context:Precooling is the pre-exercise reduction of body temperature and is an effective method of improving physiologic function and exercise performance in environmental heat. A practical and effective method of precooling suitable for application at athletic venues has not been demonstrated.Objective: To confirm the effectiveness of pre-exercise ingestion of cold fluid without fluid ingestion during exercise on pre-exercise core temperature and to determine whether pre-exercise ingestion of cold fluid alone without continued provision of cold fluid during exercise can improve exercise performance in the heat.Design: Randomized controlled clinical trial. Setting: Environmental chamber at an exercise physiology laboratory that was maintained at 32°C, 60% relative humidity, and 3.2 m/s facing air velocity.Patients or Other Participants: Seven male recreational cyclists (age = 21 ± 1.5 years, height = 1.81 ± 0.07 m, mass = 78.4 ± 9.2 kg) participated.Intervention(s): Participants ingested 900 mL of cold (2°C) or control (37°C) flavored water in 3 300-mL aliquots over 35 minutes of pre-exercise rest.Main Outcome Measure(s): Rectal temperature and thermal comfort before exercise and distance cycled, power output, pacing, rectal temperature, mean skin temperature, heart rate, blood lactate, thermal comfort, perceived exertion, and sweat loss during exercise.Results: During rest, a greater decrease in rectal temperature was observed with ingestion of the cold fluid (0.41 ± 0.16°C) than the control fluid (0.17 ± 0.17°C) over 35 to 5 minutes before exercise (t 6 = -3.47, P = .01). During exercise, rectal temperature was lower after ingestion of the cold fluid at 5 to 25 minutes (t 6 range, 2.53-3.38, P ≤ .05). Distance cycled was greater after ingestion of the cold fluid (19.26 ± 2.91 km) than after ingestion of the control fluid (18.72 ± 2.59 km; t 6 = -2.80, P = .03). Mean power output also was greater after ingestion of the cold fluid (275 ± 27 W) than the control fluid (261 ± 22 W; t 6 = -2.13, P = .05). No differences were observed for pacing, mean skin temperature, heart rate, blood lactate, thermal comfort, perceived exertion, and sweat loss (P > .05).Conclusions: We demonstrated that pre-exercise ingestion of cold fluid is a simple, effective precooling method suitable for field-based application.Key Words: precooling, hyperthermia, time trialKey Points • Ingestion of 900 mL of cold fluid over 35 minutes of pre-exercise rest produced a mean 0.4°C reduction in pre-exercise rectal temperature and resulted in lower rectal temperature during exercise.• Self-paced endurance performance in the heat was improved after pre-exercise ingestion of cold fluid.• Ingesting cold fluid before exercise was a simple, effective precooling method that might be applied at athletic venues before athletes train or compete in the heat.P recooling is the lowering of body temperature before exercise and consistently has been demonstrated as an effective method of improving physiologic function and exercise performance in environmental h...

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“…In many sports, there is little provision for fluid replacement: participants in games such as football or hockey can lose large amounts of fluid, but replacement is possible only at the half-time interval. Cold drinks can enhance endurance performance in warm weather more effectively than warm drinks by acting as a heat sink to slow the rate of rise of core temperature (35,36) . Sports drinks containing glycerol, which acts to expand the plasma volume, have been popular with some endurance athletes, but as of 1 January 2010, these fall within the prohibited list of the World Anti-Doping Agency, and so their use in competition is not permitted (4) .…”

Section: Hydrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition for sports performance: issues and opportunities

Maughan

Shirreffs

2011

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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Diet can significantly influence athletic performance, but recent research developments have substantially changed our understanding of sport and exercise nutrition. Athletes adopt various nutritional strategies in training and competition in the pursuit of success. The aim of training is to promote changes in the structure and function of muscle and other tissues by selective modulation of protein synthesis and breakdown in response to the training stimulus. This process is affected by the availability of essential amino acids in the post-exercise period. Athletes have been encouraged to eat diets high in carbohydrate, but low-carbohydrate diets up-regulate the capacity of muscle for fat oxidation, potentially sparing the limited carbohydrate stores. Such diets, however, do not enhance endurance performance. It is not yet known whether the increased capacity for fat oxidation that results from training in a carbohydrate-deficient state can promote loss of body fat. Preventing excessive fluid deficits will maintain exercise capacity, and ensuring adequate hydration status can also reduce subjective perception of effort. This latter effect may be important in encouraging exercise participation and promoting adherence to exercise programmes. Dietary supplement use is popular in sport, and a few supplements may improve performance in specific exercise tasks. Athletes must be cautious, however, not to contravene the doping regulations. There is an increasing recognition of the role of the brain in determining exercise performance: various nutritional strategies have been proposed, but with limited success. Nutrition strategies developed for use by athletes can also be used to achieve functional benefits in other populations.

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Cold Drink Ingestion Improves Exercise Endurance Capacity in the Heat

Abstract: Compared with a drink at 37 degrees C, the ingestion of a cold drink before and during exercise in the heat reduced physiological strain (reduced heat accumulation) during exercise, leading to an improved endurance capacity (23 +/- 6%).

Cited by 135 publications

References 33 publications

The Thermodynamics of Exercise Science

The Thermodynamics of Exercise Science

Self-Paced Exercise Performance in the Heat After Pre-Exercise Cold-Fluid Ingestion

Nutrition for sports performance: issues and opportunities

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