Cold Atmospheric Plasma Medicine: Applications, Challenges, and Opportunities for Predictive Control

Abstract

Plasma medicine is an emerging field that applies the science and engineering of physical plasma to biomedical applications. Low-temperature plasma, also known as cold plasma, is generated via the ionization of atoms in a gas, generally via exposure to strong electric fields, and consists of ions, free radicals, and molecules at varying energy states. Plasmas generated at low temperatures (approximately room temperature) have been used for applications in dermatology, oncology, and anti-microbial strategies. Despite current and ongoing clinical use, the exact mechanisms of action and the full range of effects of cold plasma treatment on cells are only just beginning to be understood. Direct and indirect effects of plasma on immune cells have the potential to be utilized for various applications such as immunomodulation, anti-infective therapies, and regulating inflammation. In this review, we combine diverse expertise in the fields of plasma chemistry, device design, and immunobiology to cover the history and current state of plasma medicine, basic plasma chemistry and their implications, the effects of cold atmospheric plasma on host cells with their potential immunological consequences, future directions, and the outlook and recommendations for plasma medicine.

Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Solutions for Sustainable Food Packaging

“… Direct treatment ( A ) [ 71 ] and indirect treatment of wounds ( B ) [ 72 ]; the effect of cold plasma on wound healing ( C ) [ 4 ]. …”

“…In the direct method, plasma is produced in contact with the skin; in this case, the skin acts as the second electrode, and in the indirect method, plasma is made between two electrodes and then moves to the wound side by the gas flow [69,70]. [71] and indirect treatment of wounds (B) [72]; the effect of cold plasma on wound healing (C) [4].…”

“…Their results showed that plasma can effectively reduce the bacterial load of S. aureus. In [71] and indirect treatment of wounds (B) [72]; the effect of cold plasma on wound healing (C) [4].…”

Effect of Plasma Gas Type on the Operation Characteristics of a Three-Phase Plasma Reactor with Gliding Arc Discharge

“…They can be used for the surface modification and coating of materials [16,17]. They are used in medical applications [18][19][20][21][22].…”