Coinfections and Superinfections Associated with COVID-19 in Colombia: A Narrative Review

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has had significant impacts on healthcare systems around the world, including in Latin America. In Colombia, there have been over 23,000 confirmed cases and 100 deaths since 2022, with the highest number of cases occurring in females and the highest number of deaths in males. The elderly and those with comorbidities, such as arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and respiratory diseases, have been particularly affected. Coinfections with other microorganisms, including dengue virus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, have also been a significant factor in increasing morbidity and mortality rates in COVID-19 patients. It is important for surveillance systems to be improved and protocols to be established for the early detection and management of coinfections in COVID-19. In addition to traditional treatments, alternatives such as zinc supplementation and nanomedicine may have potential in the fight against COVID-19. It is also crucial to consider the social, labor, educational, psychological, and emotional costs of the pandemic and to address issues such as poverty and limited access to potable water in order to better prepare for future pandemics.

Multiscale modeling approach to assess the impact of antibiotic treatment for COVID-19 on MRSA transmission and alternative immunotherapy treatment options

“…Susceptible individuals S H , are recruited at a rate (Λ). These individuals can become infected with COVID-19 by coming into contact with those who are infected with COVID-19 alone I C , or co-infected with both COVID-19 and MRSA I CM or by coming into contact with environmental virus at a rate α 3 [23], [53] . The probability of successfully becoming infected is denoted by β 1 .…”