Coinfection with HIV and Tropical Infectious Diseases. I. Protozoal Pathogens

Karp, Christopher L.; Auwaerter, Paul G.

doi:10.1086/522181

Cited by 80 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(34 reference statements)

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“…Results for gastrointestinal amoebas were not unexpected, as these protozoa are not considered to be opportunistic, and their prevalence is not influenced by HIV serological status in humans (Wiwanitkit 2006; Karp and Auwaerter 2007). The ciliate Balantidium coli is not considered to be an opportunistic parasite in humans with AIDS either.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…However, there was a slightly significant difference (| ε |=2.19>1.96) in the prevalence of individuals shedding the unidentified helminth eggs. Helminths are poor lentivirus infection sentinels, as their rate of infection is not particularly influenced by HIV-induced immunodepression in humans (Wiwanitkit 2006; Karp and Auwaerter 2007). Thus, it is not clear why such a difference exists in this specific case, especially for a still unidentified helminth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, several parasites that have been described in chimpanzees, including Balantidium coli (Kim et al 1978; Nakauchi 1999), Isospora belli (Rijpstra 1967), Cryptosporidium sp. (Mbaya and Udendeye 2011; Locatelli et al 2012; Gonzalez-Moreno et al 2013), Microsporidia (Sak et al 2011; Locatelli et al 2012) and Blastocystis hominis (Petrášová et al 2010; Mbaya and Udendeye 2011), are known to be pathogenic in immunosuppressed HIV-infected humans (Karp and Auwaerter 2007). Here, we performed a pilot study on a highly SIV-infected chimpanzee population in southeast Cameroon to study the extent to which they are infected with gastrointestinal parasites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of gastrointestinal parasites in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in southeast Cameroon

et al. 2014

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We tested 114 faecal samples from wild simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-positive (n=43) and SIV-negative (n=71) chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in southeast Cameroon for the presence of gastrointestinal parasites by direct smear. We observed cysts from different protozoa (Entamoeba coli and Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar, Endolimax nana, Iodamoeba butschlii, Chilomastix mesnili, Balantidium coli and Blastocystis cells) and trophozoites from Troglodytella abrassarti and Balantidium coli. Eggs from different helminths (strongylids, Ascaris lumbricoides, Abbreviata caucasica, Trichuris sp., Capillaria sp., Enterobius anthropopeci, Bertiella sp., Hymenolepis diminuta and an undetermined fluke) were also observed. Finally, we observed eggs that could not be properly identified and classified. We did not observe any differences between the SIV+ and SIV− samples except for the unidentified eggs. The studied chimpanzees were highly parasitised by strongylid (85.1 % of prevalence), Troglodytella (43.8 %) and Blastocystis (2.9 %), and the frequency of the other parasites ranged from 0.9 to 8.8 %. These high levels of parasite infections could represent an additional burden in a population where there is a high rate of the SIV virus in circulation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of gastrointestinal parasites in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in southeast Cameroon

et al. 2014

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“…Since numerous tropical pathogens lead to opportunistic infections in the context of HIV, co-infection could have significant effects on the course of HIV infection [2], [3]. Some of these pathogens are able to infect the same cells as HIV; thus, they may be considered as putative cofactors in the course of HIV infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibition of HIV-1 Replication in Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages by Parasite Trypanosoma cruzi

et al. 2009

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BackgroundCells of monocyte/macrophage lineage are one of the major targets of HIV-1 infection and serve as reservoirs for viral persistence in vivo. These cells are also the target of the protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, being one of the most important endemic protozoonoses in Latin America. It has been demonstrated in vitro that co-infection with other pathogens can modulate HIV replication. However, no studies at cellular level have suggested an interaction between T. cruzi and HIV-1 to date.Methodology/Principal FindingsBy using a fully replicative wild-type virus, our study showed that T. cruzi inhibits HIV-1 antigen production by nearly 100% (p<0.001) in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). In different infection schemes with luciferase-reporter VSV-G or BaL pseudotyped HIV-1 and trypomastigotes, T. cruzi induced a significant reduction of luciferase level for both pseudotypes in all the infection schemes (p<0.001), T. cruzi-HIV (>99%) being stronger than HIV-T. cruzi (∼90% for BaL and ∼85% for VSV-G) infection. In MDM with established HIV-1 infection, T. cruzi significantly inhibited luciferate activity (p<0.01). By quantifying R-U5 and U5-gag transcripts by real time PCR, our study showed the expression of both transcripts significantly diminished in the presence of trypomastigotes (p<0.05). Thus, T. cruzi inhibits viral post-integration steps, early post-entry steps and entry into MDM. Trypomastigotes also caused a ∼60-70% decrease of surface CCR5 expression on MDM. Multiplication of T. cruzi inside the MDM does not seem to be required for inhibiting HIV-1 replication since soluble factors secreted by trypomastigotes have shown similar effects. Moreover, the major parasite antigen cruzipain, which is secreted by the trypomastigote form, was able to inhibit viral production in MDM over 90% (p<0.01).Conclusions/SignificanceOur study showed that T. cruzi inhibits HIV-1 replication at several replication stages in macrophages, a major cell target for both pathogens.

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“…Over the past decades, the HIV epidemic has spread from urban areas to suburban and rural areas, where leishmaniasis is found. In particular, Leishmania and HIV infection overlap in several subtropical and tropical regions around the world (Karp & Auwaerter 2007). In northern India, Sudan and Ethiopia, visceral leishmaniasis has been a major scourge in patients infected with HIV (Wolday et al 2001, Mathur et al 2006, ter Horst et al 2008).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Decreased memory T-cell response and function in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with tegumentary leishmaniasis

Gois

Mehta

Rodrigues

et al. 2014

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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The effects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on the immune response in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis have not yet been fully delineated. This study quantified and evaluated the function of memory T-cell subsets in response to soluble Leishmania antigens (SLA) from patients coinfected with HIV and Leishmania with tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL). Eight TL/HIV coinfected subjects and 10 HIV seronegative subjects with TL were evaluated. The proliferative response of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and naïve, central memory (CM) and effector memory (EM) CD4+ T-cells in response to SLA were quantified using flow cytometry. The median cell division indices for CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells of coinfected patients in response to SLA were significantly lower than those in patients with Leishmania monoinfection (p < 0.05). The proportions of CM and EM CD4+ T-cells in response to SLA were similar between the coinfected patients and patients with Leishmania monoinfection. However, the median CM and EM CD4+ T-cell counts from coinfected patients were significantly lower (p < 0.05). The reduction in the lymphoproliferative response to Leishmania antigens coincides with the decrease in the absolute numbers of both EM and CM CD4+ T-cells in response to Leishmania antigens in patients coinfected with HIV/Leishmania.

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Coinfection with HIV and Tropical Infectious Diseases. I. Protozoal Pathogens

Cited by 80 publications

References 36 publications

Assessment of gastrointestinal parasites in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in southeast Cameroon

Assessment of gastrointestinal parasites in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in southeast Cameroon

Inhibition of HIV-1 Replication in Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages by Parasite Trypanosoma cruzi

Decreased memory T-cell response and function in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with tegumentary leishmaniasis

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