Coinfection of Schistosoma Species with Hepatitis B or Hepatitis C Viruses

Abruzzi, Amy; Fried, Bernard; Alikhan, Sukaina B

doi:10.1016/bs.apar.2015.12.003

Cited by 31 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…Schistosome infection causes severe damage to the host and can eventually lead to death 19 . Coinfection of Schistosome and other pathogens is also frequent in epidemic areas 20, 21 where people are exposed to helminths and other bacterial pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis 22 , or Salmonella 8 . Although numerous studies have sought to uncover the interactions and mutual influences between these concurrent pathogens 12, 23, 24 , little is known regarding how the host response to these concurrent infections.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salmonella typhimurium Infection Reduces Schistosoma japonicum Worm Burden in Mice

Zhu

Chen

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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Coinfection of microorganisms is a common phenomenon in humans and animals. In order to further our understanding of the progress of coinfection and the possible interaction between different pathogens, we have built a coinfection mouse model with Schistosoma japonicum and Salmonella typhimurium, and used this model to investigate the systemic metabolic and immune responses using NMR-based metabonomics and immunological techniques. Our results show that Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC14028) infection reduces the number of adult schistosomal worms and eggs, relieves symptoms of schistosomiasis and also abates the mortality of mice infected by Schistosoma japonicum. In addition, Salmonella typhimurium infection counteracts the metabolic disturbances associated with schistosomiasis, which was reflected by the reverted levels of metabolites in coinfected mice, compared with the Schistosoma japonicum infected mice. Furthermore, immune analyses also indicate that shift of the immune response to different pathogens is a result of indirect interactions between Schistosoma japonicum and Salmonella typhimurium within the host. Salmonella typhimurium infection can ameliorate Schistosoma japonicum-caused schistosomiasis in BALB/c mice, which is most likely due to inverse immune polarization. Our work provides an insight into coinfection between Schistosoma japonicum and Salmonella typhimurium, and may further contribute to the development of new tools for controlling Schistosoma japonicum-associated diseases.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salmonella typhimurium Infection Reduces Schistosoma japonicum Worm Burden in Mice

Zhu

Chen

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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“…Interestingly, VEGF is a crucial immune regulator that is extensively produced during Th2 inflammation. This can be another explanation for high VEGF production in advanced schistosomiasis since Th2 is the immune response orchestrating the chronic phase of infection 6,47 . Hence, there is a confirmed causal relationship between pathological angiogenesis and schistosomiasis, and a necessity to explore the effect of anti‐angiogenic therapy as it may carry a hope for schistosomal patients to avoid the subsequent fatal complications of their disease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the accumulating fibrosis around the tissue‐embedded eggs acts as supportive stroma for more angiogenesis 4 . In case of co‐infection with hepatitis B or C viruses, which is common in Schistosoma endemic regions, pathological angiogenesis becomes exacerbated due to liver cirrhosis and tissue hypoxia 5,6 . Unfortunately, both the compensatory and the pathological vessels are too fragile to withstand the growing pressure in the portal vein, which leaves the patient under a continuous risk of vascular burst and fatal bleeding 7,8 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bevacizumab as a potential anti‐angiogenic therapy in schistosomiasis: A double‐edged, but adjustable weapon

Saad

El‐Anwar

2020

Parasite Immunology

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Aim Investigating the anti‐angiogenic effect of bevacizumab on chronic schistosomiasis mansoni in a trial to hinder the Schistosome‐induced angiogenesis and porto‐systemic shunting complications. Methods The immunohistochemical expression of CD34, VEGF‐R1, PCNA and α‐SMA (angiogenesis markers) was analysed in the lung, liver and gastrointestinal junctions of chronic S mansoni infected mice after intraperitoneal injection of bevacizumab. The effect of prolonged administration of bevacizumab with praziquantel was also assessed through parasitic load, protective index, granuloma and fibrous tissue evaluation. Results A regression in the vascular activity and microvascular density was observed in the infected mice after receiving bevacizumab. They had a significantly less VEGF‐R1, PCNA, CD‐34 and α‐SMA expression in comparison to the infected untreated mice. The least tissue egg count was reported in mice received bevacizumab for 6 weeks (Mean = 27 120). However, they had persistent liver granulomas, and massively amalgamated fibrosis. Interestingly, the least faecal egg and tissue worms counts (Mean = 112, 13.4), and the highest protection index (39.26) were reported in mice received bevacizumab for 3 weeks, with marked granuloma, and fibrous tissue resolution. Conclusions Bevacizumab has a promising protective effect against the Schistosoma‐induced angiogenesis. As an adjuvant to praziquantel, it is important to adjust the appropriate duration of administration that achieves the best schistosomicidal effect without impeding granuloma and fibrous tissue resolution.

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“…In our study, hepatitis B surface antigen positivity was significantly associated with hepatotoxicity, as previously documented [ 1 ]. Hepatitis B-associated hepatotoxicity has also been shown to be more severe in the setting of schistosome co-infection [ 19 – 20 ]. A recent review concluded that subjects with schistosome and hepatitis B co-infections have a prolonged carriage state, resulting more often in chronic hepatitis with severe cirrhosis and higher mortality compared to patients with hepatitis B infection alone [ 20 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased hepatotoxicity among HIV-infected adults co-infected with Schistosoma mansoni in Tanzania: A cross-sectional study

et al. 2017

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IntroductionLittle is known about hepatotoxicity in patients with schistosome and HIV co-infections. Several studies have reported increased liver enzymes and bilirubin levels associated with schistosome infection. We investigated whether HIV-infected adults on antiretroviral therapy who had S. mansoni co-infection had a higher prevalence of hepatotoxicity than those without.Methodology/Principal findingsWe determined the presence and grade of hepatotoxicity among 305 HIV-infected outpatients who had been on medium-term (3–6 months) and long-term (>36 months) antiretroviral therapy in a region of northwest Tanzania where S. mansoni is hyperendemic. We used the AIDS Clinical Trial Group definition to define mild to moderate hepatotoxicity as alanine aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and/or bilirubin elevations of grade 1 or 2, and severe hepatotoxicity as any elevation of grade 3 or 4. We determined schistosome infection status using the serum circulating cathodic antigen rapid test and used logistic regression to determine factors associated with hepatotoxicity. The prevalence of mild-moderate and severe hepatotoxicity was 29.6% (45/152) and 2.0% (3/152) in patients on medium-term antiretroviral therapy and 19.6% (30/153) and 3.3% (5/153) in the patients on long-term antiretroviral therapy. S. mansoni infection was significantly associated with hepatotoxicity on univariable analysis and after controlling for other factors associated with hepatotoxicity including hepatitis B or C and anti-tuberculosis medication use (adjusted odds ratio = 3.0 [1.6–5.8], p = 0.001).Conclusions/SignificanceOur work demonstrates a strong association between S. mansoni infection and hepatotoxicity among HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy. Our study highlights the importance of schistosome screening and treatment for patients starting antiretroviral therapy in schistosome-endemic settings. Additional studies to determine the effects of schistosome-HIV co-infections are warranted.

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Coinfection of Schistosoma Species with Hepatitis B or Hepatitis C Viruses

Cited by 31 publications

References 84 publications

Salmonella typhimurium Infection Reduces Schistosoma japonicum Worm Burden in Mice

Salmonella typhimurium Infection Reduces Schistosoma japonicum Worm Burden in Mice

Bevacizumab as a potential anti‐angiogenic therapy in schistosomiasis: A double‐edged, but adjustable weapon

Increased hepatotoxicity among HIV-infected adults co-infected with Schistosoma mansoni in Tanzania: A cross-sectional study

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