Coinfection in Patients with Lyme Disease: How Big a Risk?

Stricker, Raphael B.; Gaito, Andrea; Harris, N.; Burrascano, Joseph J.

doi:10.1086/378893

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Although ticks can also harbour the human pathogen Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Lyme borreliosis and babesiosis coinfection accounts for ~80% of polymicrobial disease in the eastern United States. Consistent with the theme for other co-infections involving a parasite, patients that harbour both of these pathogens had more severe and longer-lasting symptoms than those with Lyme borreliosis alone 170,171 .…”

Section: Virus-parasite Co-infectionssupporting

confidence: 63%

Developing animal models for polymicrobial diseases

2004

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Polymicrobial diseases involve two or more microorganisms that act synergistically, or in succession, to mediate complex disease processes. Although polymicrobial diseases in animals and humans can be caused by similar organisms, these disease are often also caused by organisms from different kingdoms, genera, species, strains, substrains and even by phenotypic variants of a single species. Animal models are often required to understand the mechanisms of pathogenesis, and to develop therapies and prevention regimes. However, reproducing polymicrobial diseases of humans in animal hosts presents significant challenges.One virus suppresses the replication of another.the BVDV biotypes and can result in severe respiratory, enteric or reproductive disease. The severity of the disease depends on the relative virulence of the viral strain, physical and environmental stresses, and co-infection with another pathogen. Porcine co-viral diseases.Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) results from infection with the PRRS virus (PRRSV) followed by infection with a bacterial or viral co-pathogen. Co-infecting viruses include porcine coronavirus, swine influenza virus 22-24 and pseudorabies virus 25 . Different plaque variants of PRRSV can also co-infect a porcine host 26 . Porcine post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) is due to co-infection of pigs with porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) and porcine parvovirus (PPV) 27,28 . PCV-2 and PPV are thought to enter the host through tonsillar macrophages and viraemia results within 3 days of infection. PCV-2 and PPV can replicate in circulating peripheral monocytes and contribute to both cell-associated viraemia and viral distribution throughout lymphoid tissues 28 .

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Section: Virus-parasite Co-infectionssupporting

confidence: 63%

Developing animal models for polymicrobial diseases

2004

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“…On the other hand, a polymicrobial infection is a frequent occurrence in ticks (219, 220). Chronic and persistent forms of Lyme have been also associated to infections caused by Babesia spp.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chronic and persistent forms of Lyme have been also associated to infections caused by Babesia spp. and Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Bartonella henselae , or other minor pathogens (217, 219, 221). This condition may add a further level of complexity to the clinical and therapeutic management of LB since it may lead to inappropriate diagnoses and apparent failure of the antibiotic treatment targeted exclusively against Borrelia .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Emerging Role of Microbial Biofilm in Lyme Neuroborreliosis

et al. 2018

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Lyme borreliosis (LB) is the most common tick-borne disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi in North America and Borrelia afzelii or Borrelia garinii in Europe and Asia, respectively. The infection affects multiple organ systems, including the skin, joints, and the nervous system. Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) is the most dangerous manifestation of Lyme disease, occurring in 10–15% of infected individuals. During the course of the infection, bacteria migrate through the host tissues altering the coagulation and fibrinolysis pathways and the immune response, reaching the central nervous system (CNS) within 2 weeks after the bite of an infected tick. The early treatment with oral antimicrobials is effective in the majority of patients with LNB. Nevertheless, persistent forms of LNB are relatively common, despite targeted antibiotic therapy. It has been observed that the antibiotic resistance and the reoccurrence of Lyme disease are associated with biofilm-like aggregates in B. burgdorferi, B. afzelii, and B. garinii, both in vitro and in vivo, allowing Borrelia spp. to resist to adverse environmental conditions. Indeed, the increased tolerance to antibiotics described in the persisting forms of Borrelia spp., is strongly reminiscent of biofilm growing bacteria, suggesting a possible role of biofilm aggregates in the development of the different manifestations of Lyme disease including LNB.

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“…71,72 In practice, patients with a diagnosis of CLD are often diagnosed with and treated for numerous superimposed infections, including Babesia spp and Anaplasma phagocytophilum (well-described tick-borne pathogens), Bartonella henselae (which is not known to be transmitted by ticks), pathogens of unclear clinical relevance such as the xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus, and even completely fictitious pathogens such as “ Protomyxozoa rheumatica .” There is no evidence to support chronic anaplasmosis; chronic symptomatic babesiosis when present invariably is associated with fever and molecular or microscopic evidence of parasitemia. Bartonella species are readily identified in ticks, but there is virtually no quality evidence of tick-borne transmission to humans or of simultaneous Lyme disease and bartonellosis.…”

Section: Coinfectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic Lyme Disease

Lantos¹

2015

Infectious Disease Clinics of North America

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Coinfection in Patients with Lyme Disease: How Big a Risk?

Cited by 7 publications

References 7 publications

Developing animal models for polymicrobial diseases

Developing animal models for polymicrobial diseases

The Emerging Role of Microbial Biofilm in Lyme Neuroborreliosis

Chronic Lyme Disease

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