Cohort profile: internal migration in sub-Saharan Africa—The Migration and Health in Malawi (MHM) study

Anglewicz, Philip; VanLandingham, Mark; Manda-Taylor, Lucinda; Köhler, Hans Peter

doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014799

Cited by 23 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…We use data from two related sources: the Malawi Longitudinal Study of Families and Health (MLSFH), and the Migration and Health in Malawi (MHM) projects [29,30]. The MLSFH was designed as a couples’ survey, targeting a population-based representative sample of approximately 1,500 ever-married women aged 15–49 and 1,000 of their husbands in three rural sites of Malawi, starting in 1998.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Migration and HIV infection in Malawi

Anglewicz

VanLandingham

Manda-Taylor

et al. 2016

Aids

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Objective To evaluate the assumption that moving heightens HIV infection by examining the time-order between migration and HIV infection, and investigate differences in HIV infection by migration destination and permanence. Methods We employ four waves of longitudinal data (2004–2010) for 4,265 men and women from a household-based study in rural Malawi, and a follow-up of migrants (2013). Using these data, we examine HIV status prior to migration. Migrants are disaggregated by destination (rural, town, urban), and duration (return, permanent); all compared to individuals who consistently resided in the rural origin (“non-migrants”). Results HIV positive individuals have significantly greater odds of migration than those who are HIV negative (OR 2.75; 95% CI 1.89–4.01). Being HIV positive significantly increases the relative risk that respondent will be a rural-urban migrant (RRR 6.28; 95% CI 1.77–22.26), rural-town migrant (RRR 3.62; 95% CI 1.24–10.54), and a rural-rural migrant (RRR 4.09; 95% CI 1.68–9.97), instead of a non-migrant. Being HIV positive significantly increases the relative risk that a respondent will move and return to the village of origin (RRR 2.58; 95% CI 1.82–3.66), and become a permanent migrant (RRR 3.21; 95% CI 1.77–5.82) instead of not migrating. Conclusion HIV-positive status has a profound impact on mobility: HIV infection leads to significantly higher mobility through all forms of migration captured in our study. These findings emphasize that migration is more than just an independent risk factor for HIV infection: greater prevalence of HIV among migrants is partly due to selection of HIV positive individuals into migration.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The MHM project was designed to trace and re-interview MLSFH migrants [30]. From its initiation, the MHM attempted to trace respondents who had migrated out of the sample after the first survey wave in 1998.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Migration and HIV infection in Malawi

Anglewicz

VanLandingham

Manda-Taylor

et al. 2016

Aids

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“…As suggested by WHO, the upper limit for Cu 2+ , Cd 2+ and Pb 2+ in drinking water is 1 ppm, 0.005 ppm and 0.010 ppm, respectively. After literature review of the current levels of heavy metal pollution in Africa 14,[36][37][38][39][40] , the initial concentration of Cu 2+ , Cd 2+ and Pb 2+ were set to be 4.29 ppm, 3.12 ppm and 14.19 ppm, respectively, similar to that of the water in a south Africa river, reported by Yabe and coworkers 38 . The remaining metal concentration at 2000 mL interval is shown in Fig.…”

Section: Heavy Metal Removalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zeolite Cotton in Tube: A Simple Robust Household Water Treatment Filter for Heavy Metal Removal

Chen

Zou

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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it is challenging to develop a low-cost household water treatment (HWt) that simultaneously deliver an effective and robust way for safe and reliable water supply. Here, we report a simple flow-through filter made by zeolite-cotton packing in a tube (Zct) as low-cost HWt device to remove heavy metal ions from contaminated water. The zeolite-cotton is fabricated by an on-site template-free growth route that tightly binds mesoporous single-crystal chabazite zeolite onto the surface of cotton fibers. As a result, the ZCT set-up with optimized diameter achieves both high adsorption efficiency, proper flow rate, reliable supply and strong stability at the same time. After flowed through the set up packed with 10 g of zeolite-cotton, 65 mL 1000 ppm Cu 2+ solution was purified down to its safety limit (<1 ppm). Notably, their efficiency remains unaltered when filtering several ions simultaneously. In a simulated purification process, 8 L of water contaminated by Cu 2+ , cd 2+ and pb 2+ could be transformed into drinking water and it enables the removal of heavy metals to concentrations of below 5 ppb (μg L −1 ). We also show that the Zct can be used for disinfection by introducing Ag-exchanged zeolite-cotton without contaminating the water with Ag ions (<0.05 ppm).Drinking water safety is one of the most serious health problems throughout the world, especially for those people in relatively undeveloped districts. Health risks may arise from consumption of water contaminated with numerous pollutants such as heavy metal ions, persistent organic pollutants, pharmaceutical waste, virus and microbial pathegens 1 . As reported by World Health Organization (WHO), nearly 2 billion people are using either un-improved drinking water source or faecally-contaminated water. Close to half a million diarrheal deaths in low-and middle-income countries are attributed to unsafe drinking-water, and the vast majority of these deaths occur among children under five 2 . Household water treatment (HWT) is an important public health intervention to improve the quality of drinking-water, particularly among those who rely on water from unimproved sources. Further, safe drinking-water is an immediate priority in most emergencies, and HWT can be an effective emergency response intervention 3,4 , for example, the project solar disinfection (SODIS) of drinking water 5-8 , which is awarded the 2020 UNESCO Prizes, is an important HWT technique approved by WHO.Unlike organic pollutants, heavy metal ions in water is hard to notice and avoid but pose a long-term threat to human. Heavy metal contaminated water usually has no visible difference as compared to safe drinking water, however, every little intake will not degrade but accumulate in human body. Even if the heavy metal-polluted water is not directly taken by human, it can also accumulate in algae, shellfish and fish, then concentrate through food chain and finally result in serious disease such as encephalopathy, hemolytic anemia or even cancer 9-11 . Those global issues have reminded people to se...

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“…To test these hypotheses, I use data from the Migration and Health in Malawi (MHM) Project, which was conducted between June and September 2013 (see Anglewicz et al 2017). Malawi is a small, southern African nation of about 16 million residents with over 80% of the population located in rural areas (Malawi National Statistical Office 2011).…”

Section: Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

The duration of residence spells among Malawians: the role of established family and friend connections at migrants’ destinations

Myroniuk

2017

Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies

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It is well-documented that established networks in a destination increase the chances of an individual moving to that destination, but rarely have migration scholars examined how these networks are linked to the duration of one’s stay. This paper examines whether the presence of kin and/or friends known at a location prior to moving is associated with one’s duration of residence. Presumably, having both kin and friends already at a destination will be associated with the longest residence spells, since migrants would likely maximize their access to diverse network resources. Using residence history data on 1069 Malawians from the Migration and Health in Malawi (MHM) Project from 2013, subtle gender differences emerge in this relationship via discrete-time event history analyses. Women who knew some friends, but no kin, prior to migrating have a significantly lower likelihood of moving away in any year compared to those who did not know anyone, or only kin. For men, knowing some friends, but no kin, does not represent a significantly lower likelihood of leaving compared to those who knew no one or only kin prior to migrating.

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Cohort profile: internal migration in sub-Saharan Africa—The Migration and Health in Malawi (MHM) study

Cited by 23 publications

References 53 publications

Migration and HIV infection in Malawi

Migration and HIV infection in Malawi

Zeolite Cotton in Tube: A Simple Robust Household Water Treatment Filter for Heavy Metal Removal

The duration of residence spells among Malawians: the role of established family and friend connections at migrants’ destinations

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