Coherence pathway analysis of J-coupled lipids and lactate and effective suppression of lipids upon the selective multiple quantum coherence lactate editing sequence

Abstract

Objective: The selective multiple quantum coherence (Sel-MQC) sequence is a magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) technique used to detect lactate and suppress co-resonant lipid signals in vivo. The coherence pathways of J-coupled lipids upon the sequence, however, have not been studied, hindering a logical design of the sequence to fully attenuate lipid signals. The objective of this study is to elucidate the coherence pathways of J-coupled lipids upon the Sel-MQC sequence and find a strategy to effectively suppress lipid signals from these pathways while keeping the lactate signal. Approach: The product operator formalism was used to express the evolutions of the J-coupled spins of lipids and lactate. The transformations of the product operators by the spectrally selective pulses of the sequence were calculated by using the off-resonance rotation matrices. The coherence pathways and the conversion rates of the individual pathways were derived from them. Experiments were performed on phantoms and two human subjects at 3T. Main results: The coherence pathways contributing to the various lipid resonance signals by the Sel-MQC sequence depending on the gradient ratios and RF pulse lengths were identified. Theoretical calculations of the signals from the determined coherence pathways and signal attenuations by gradients matched the experimental data very well. Lipid signals from fatty tissues of the subjects were successfully suppressed to the noise level by using the gradient ratio -0.8:-1:2 or 1:0.8:2. The new gradient ratios kept the lactate signal the same as with the previously used gradient ratio 0:-1:2. Significance: The study has elucidated the coherence pathways of J-coupled lipids upon the Sel-MQC sequence and demonstrated how lipid signals can be effectively suppressed while keeping lactate signals by using information from the coherence pathway analysis. The findings enable applying the Sel-MQC sequence to lactate detection in an environment of high concentrations of lipids.