One goal of applied category theory is to better understand networks appearing throughout science and engineering. Here we introduce 'structured cospans' as a way to study networks with inputs and outputs. Given a functor L : A → X, a structured cospan is a diagram in X of the form L(a) → x ← L(b). If A and X have finite colimits and L is a left adjoint, we obtain a symmetric monoidal category whose objects are those of A and whose morphisms are isomorphism classes of structured cospans. This is a hypergraph category. However, it arises from a more fundamental structure: a symmetric monoidal double category where the horizontal 1-cells are structured cospans. We show how structured cospans solve certain problems in the closely related formalism of 'decorated cospans', and explain how they work in some examples: electrical circuits, Petri nets, and chemical reaction networks.