“…These characteristics include rumination (the tendency to repetitively think through the causes and consequences of one’s sad mood; Nolen-Hoeksema, Wisco, & Lyubomirsky, 2008; Watkins, 2008), pessimistic attributional style (the tendency to attribute negative events to causes that are internal, stable, and global; Seligman et al, 1979), negative automatic thoughts (which occur following the activation of negative schemas; Beck, 2008), and impairments in cognitive control (Langenecker et al, 2014). These factors have been established as stable, trait-like vulnerabilities to depression (e.g., Abela & Hankin, 2011; Alloy et al, 2006, 2016; Nolen-Hoeksema et al, 2008; Stange et al, 2014, 2016; Nolen-Hoeksema et al, 2008) and have been hypothesized as related to attenuated patterns of task-based activation within the cognitive control regions (Beck, 2008; Disner et al, 2011; Koster et al, 2011; Ochsner et al, 2004) although it has not often been tested empirically (Seidel et al, 2012). Finally, planned post-hoc analyses evaluated models by which attenuated connectivity might mediate associations between diagnostic group and cognitive risk characteristics.…”