Cognitive Reserve and Emotional Stimuli in Older Individuals: Level of Education Moderates the Age-Related Positivity Effect

Bruno, Davide; Kapucu, Aycan; Marmar, Charles R.; Pomara, Nunzio

doi:10.1080/0361073x.2014.882212

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Model 1 included all control variables: Cohort (group 1 or 2); age; sex; the MMSE score as a measure of general cognitive ability; years of education as a proxy of cognitive reserve (e.g., Bruno, Brown, Kapucu, Marmar & Pomara, 2014); and TIV, measured in cm 3 , to control for head size. Model 2 included the predictor, hippocampal gray matter volume.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study on the specificity of the association between hippocampal volume and delayed primacy performance in cognitively intact elderly individuals

et al. 2015

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Delayed recall at the primacy position (first few items on a list) has been shown to predict cognitive decline in cognitively intact elderly participants, with poorer delayed primacy performance associated with more pronounced generalized cognitive decline during follow-up. We have previously suggested that this association is due to delayed primacy performance indexing memory consolidation, which in turn is thought to depend upon hippocampal function. Here, we test the hypothesis that hippocampal size is associated with delayed primacy performance in cognitively intact elderly individuals. Data were analyzed from a group (N=81) of cognitively intact participants, aged 60 or above. Serial position performance was measured with the Buschke selective reminding test (BSRT). Hippocampal size was automatically measured via MRI, and unbiased voxel-based analyses were also conducted to explore further regional specificity of memory performance. We conducted regression analyses of hippocampus volumes on serial position performance; other predictors included age, family history of Alzheimer's disease (AD), APOE ε4 status, education, and total intracranial volume. Our results collectively suggest that there is a preferential association between hippocampal volume and delayed primacy performance. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that delayed primacy consolidation is associated with hippocampal size, and shed light on the relationship between delayed primacy performance and generalized cognitive decline in cognitively intact individuals, suggesting that delayed primacy consolidation may serve as a sensitive marker of hippocampal health in these individuals.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study on the specificity of the association between hippocampal volume and delayed primacy performance in cognitively intact elderly individuals

et al. 2015

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“…Additionally, the number of strategies used is expected to relate to better memory task performance (Dunlosky & Hertzog, 1998;Hill, Allen & Gregory, 1990;Rankin, Karol & Tuten, 1984;Richardson, 1998;Rogers, Hertzog & Fisk, 2000). Furthermore, we expect both EF and CR to be positively related to internal strategy use, both in daily life and during memory encoding tasks (Barulli et al, 2013;Bouazzaoui et al, 2010), although we expect the effects of CR to be stronger than the effects of EF (Bruno et al, 2014;Giogkaraki, Michaelides & Constantinidou, 2013). Finally, previous studies have suggested that strategies requiring a deeper level of processing (e.g., imagery and sentence generation) are more effective for task performance than strategies such as rehearsal or associating an item to one's own environment (Dunlosky & Hertzog, 1998;Hill et al, 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…It is well-known that CR is associated with EF (Roldan-Tapia, Garcia, Canovas & Leon, 2012), suggesting a potential shared variance between EFs and CR regarding the ability to compensate for memory decrements. Bruno, Brown, Kapucu, Marmar, and Pomara (2014), for example, showed that CR had a stronger effect on memory performance, well beyond the contribution of EFs. However, to date, it is unclear what the independent effects of CR and EF are on memory strategy use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The influence of cognitive reserve and age on the use of memory strategies

Frankenmolen

Fasotti

Kessels

et al. 2018

Experimental Aging Research

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“…This difference between AU and AI groups suggests that the positivity bias previously reported in aging may be driven at least in part by subclinical memory impairment. Interestingly, it has been proposed that the positivity effect seen in aging occurs to a larger extent in those with greater cognitive control (Mather and Knight 2005;Bruno et al 2014). This presents an interesting possibility that the same individuals with greater cognitive control also have greater memory impairment.…”

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confidence: 99%

Positivity effect specific to older adults with subclinical memory impairment

et al. 2016

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Numerous studies have suggested that older adults preferentially remember positive information ("positivity effect"), however others have reported mixed results. One potential source of conflict is that aging is not a unitary phenomenon and individual differences exist. We modified a standard neuropsychological test to vary emotional content and tested memory at three time points (immediate/20 min/1 wk). Cognitively normal older adults were stratified into those with and without subclinical memory impairment. We found that the positivity effect was limited to those with subclinical memory impairment, suggesting that consideration of subclinical memory impairment is necessary for understanding age-related emotional memory alterations.[Supplemental material is available for this article.]Increasing age is the greatest risk factor for developing mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) (Thies and Bleiler 2011). Thus, it is vital to understand neurocognitive changes that occur during the aging process to identify early phenotypes that may be associated with later cognitive decline. Memory impairment is one of the hallmark cognitive dysfunctions in healthy aging and is a major symptom of MCI and AD. There is extensive evidence that episodic memory, or memory for events, generally declines with age (Craik and Simon 1980;Glisky 2007). However, some studies suggest that there is a "positivity effect," where older adults may be more likely to attend to and remember positive information (Mather and Carstensen 2005;Wong et al. 2012). On the other hand, some studies have suggested that older adults are biased toward remembering negative details (Kensinger et al. 2007) or show no evidence of such an age-related positivity bias (Grühn et al. 2005;Fernandes et al. 2008). One potential source of conflict is that aging is not a uniform phenomenon and individual differences are frequently observed in older adults.There are numerous approaches to examining individual differences with age. One such approach dichotomizes older rats into two groups (Gallagher et al. 1993). One group of older rats performs on par with young rats on the Morris Water Maze (i.e., "aged-unimpaired"-AU), while another group performs outside of the range of young rat performance (i.e., "aged-impaired"-AI). This approach has been used to examine the aged brain in which this dichotomy maps onto neurobiological alterations associated with medial temporal lobe dysfunction, including synaptic loss in the perforant path (Smith et al. 2000), loss of inhibitory tone (Spiegel et al. 2013), hyperexcitability in the CA3 subregion of the hippocampus (Wilson et al. 2004(Wilson et al. , 2005, as well as loss of reelin and increased phosphorylated tau expression in the lateral entorhinal cortex (Stranahan et al. 2011). In humans, we have used a similar approach and have found that individual differences in age-related memory impairment (as defined by performance on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test-RAVLT, a word-list learning task) was associated w...

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Cognitive Reserve and Emotional Stimuli in Older Individuals: Level of Education Moderates the Age-Related Positivity Effect

Abstract: Background -A frequently observed age-related effect is a preference in older individuals for

Cited by 16 publications

References 53 publications

A study on the specificity of the association between hippocampal volume and delayed primacy performance in cognitively intact elderly individuals

A study on the specificity of the association between hippocampal volume and delayed primacy performance in cognitively intact elderly individuals

The influence of cognitive reserve and age on the use of memory strategies

Positivity effect specific to older adults with subclinical memory impairment

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