Cognitive Networks: Brains, Internet, and Civilizations

Abstract

Abstract. In this short essay, we discuss some basic features of cognitive activity at several different space-time scales: from neural networks in the brain to civilisations. One motivation for such comparative study is its heuristic value. Attempts to better understand the functioning of "wetware" involved in cognitive activities of central nervous system by comparing it with a computing device have a long tradition. We suggest that comparison with Internet might be more adequate. We briefly touch upon such subjects as encoding, compression, and Saussurean trichotomy langue/langage/parole in various environments.

Memory: Synaptic or Cellular, That Is the Question

“…The idea that intraneuronal processing plays a much more fundamental role in cognition than is typically assumed was supported by Thornton (2018). The discovery of conceptual neurons was one of the reasons why mathematicians Manin and Manin (2017) proposed that the brain should not be compared to a computational system but rather to the Internet, whereby specialized neurons, such as concept cells or place cells, play the role of computers. Later, biologists Langille and Gallistel (2020) also concluded that “brain has the architecture of the internet” since “in this conception, computation occurs intra-neuronally ” (see also Akhlaghpour 2020; Gallistel 2021; Liberman and Minina 1996).…”

Devoted Citizens: Ancient Greece and the American Founding

“…The right was there, but the remedy might frequently prove to be out of reach." 66 The institution of citizenship provides a means to demand that the government uphold its end of the covenant. "Inequalities are not due to defects in civil rights, but to lack of social rights."…”

“…72 Consequently, the development of the Marshall triad of rights may be viewed as reactive: citizens were first granted civil rights and found them inadequate to assure an equality of status. As a result, they demanded political and social rights to break down the 66 Marshall, 97. 67 Ibid., 97.…”

“…During the year, "any citizen could at any time lay a charge against them and demand their suspension." 66 Even popular magistrates would regularly be judged at principal assemblies, where a vote on every magistrate's conduct was "a compulsory agenda item." 67 Any magistrate receiving a "vote of no confidence" from the assembly was sent to the courts; being found guilty could mean exile or loss of citizenship.…”

“…65 Manin,85. rulers similarly consented to act in the citizen's best interest. 66 In this way, both aspects of the government, ruled and ruler, would be devoted public servants. 67 Opponents to representation and a natural aristocracy believed election would result in a ruling class distinguished by their wealth and property rather than merit.…”