Cognitive-motivational predictors of excessive drinkers’ success in changing

Cox, W. Miles; Pothos, Emmanuel M.; Hosier, Steven G.

doi:10.1007/s00213-007-0736-9

Cited by 94 publications

(86 citation statements)

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“…Given the potential role of attentional bias in the maintenance of addictive behaviours (e.g. Cox et al, 2007), this result is intriguing: attempting to limit food intake may actually be counterproductive. However, the results also suggested that dieters may have lower FAB than high restrained non-dieters.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Restraint, disinhibition and food-related processing bias

et al. 2008

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This is the unspecified version of the paper.This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Previous research on food-related attentional bias (FAB) in non-clinical populations is limited. A well-documented result is that higher levels of restraint (i.e. Permanent repository linkattempts to limit food intake) are associated with greater FAB. However, the compellingness of this finding is reduced by methodological limitations. Most of the studies we identified (see Table 1) have measured restraint using the Restraint Scale; a scale that confounds restraint with disinhibition (i.e. tendency to overeat, Van Strien, 1997). Of the four studies that employed alternative measures of restraint, only one (Green & Rogers, 1993), found a main effect of restraint on FAB. An additional problem with work in this area is that it has been almost exclusively conducted with females from western societies. Given societal pressures on western females to be slim (e.g., Cogan, Bhalla, SefaDedeh, & Rothblum, 1996), it seems likely that women who are more inclined to overeat may also be more likely to attempt to limit their food intake, resulting in correlations between disinhibition and restraint. These limitations raise the question of whether it is restraint that is associated with increased FAB or tendency to overeat. Food-related attentional bias 4 -------------INSERT TABLE 1 HERE-----------------We sought to address these shortcomings, by including in our sample individuals displaying high disinhibition/low restraint and vice versa. This was achieved by recruiting males and females in the UK, Greece, and Iran, since there is evidence to indicate that men and non-western women are less subject to pressures to be slim (e.g., Cogan et al., 1996;Wardle et al., 1992 hunger scale. The latter was included to control for hunger biases; none were identified (up to two-way interactions). ResultsFor each participant we computed: a FAB score, by subtracting the (overall) time it took to read the neutral words from the time it took to read the food words; BMI;DEBQ scores (ranging from 1 to 5) for restraint and disinhibition (Van Strien et al., 1986; the latter was computed by taking the mean of the emotional and external eating subscales).Thirty-one participants indicated that they were dieting to lose weight (Britain=6 females, 4 males; Greece=7 females, 2 males; Iran=9 females, 3 males).We first consider results from the 193 participants who were not dieting. One participant (British, female) scored greater than 3.5sds from the mean on the Stroop and was also excluded leaving 192 participants. No participant's error rate exceeded 5%. The correlation between BMI and FAB was non-significant (r = .11). We next extended our analyses to include participants who were dieting. In this instance we excluded those who reported dieting but scored under 3 on the restraint scale (eliminating six participants; these were taken to be spurious responses)and those who exceeded 3.5sds from the mean of FAB (eliminating two partic...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…That is, they will direct their attention towards such information and process it more extensively. Attentional bias is important since it may contribute to the maintenance and/or escalation of the addictive behaviour (e.g., Cox, Pothos & Hosier, 2007).…”

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Restraint, disinhibition and food-related processing bias

et al. 2008

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“…also Cox, Pothos & Hosier, 2007). In the present study we examine the evidence that a corresponding result might be possible in eating behavior.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Cognitive and behavioral correlates of BMI among male and female undergraduate students

Pothos¹,

Tapper²,

Calitri³

2009

Appetite

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“…Moreover, prospective neuroimaging studies modelling relapse vulnerability and future drug use have shown that reduced attention toward drug-related cues 11,12,[28][29][30] and increased attention toward non-drug-related reinforcers [31][32][33] predicted longer abstinence durations in individuals with substance use disorders. Although these studies are highly informative, many have been limited to the cross-sectional Background: Increased attention bias toward drug-related cues over non-drug-related intrinsically pleasant reinforcers is a hallmark of drug addiction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…24 Importantly, cross-sectional studies have shown that the LPP amplitude to drug-related cues is decreased 25,26 while that to non-drug-related cues is increased 19,27 after a period of reduced drug use (3 d to about 1 yr). Moreover, prospective neuroimaging studies modelling relapse vulnerability and future drug use have shown that reduced attention toward drug-related cues 11,12,[28][29][30] and increased attention toward non-drug-related reinforcers [31][32][33] predicted longer abstinence durations in individuals with substance use disorders. Although these studies are highly informative, many have been limited to the cross-sectional effects of shorter-term 19 or longer-term abstinence 25,31 relying mostly on self-reported follow-up assessments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abstinence reverses EEG-indexed attention bias between drug-related and pleasant stimuli in cocaine-addicted individuals

Parvaz

Moeller

Malaker³

et al. 2017

JPN

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IntroductionDrug addiction is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by attentional abnormalities whereby enhanced attention is afforded to drugs and drug-related cues at the expense of other (including intrinsically pleasant) reinforcers (e.g., food, sex or money).1,2 This attention bias toward drug-related cues is posited to result from conditioning to drug-related cues, which become excessively and motivationally salient through habitual use. 1,3,4 The underlying mechanism invokes changes to mesolimbic dopamine transmission, associated with an increased incentive salience that is automatically attributed to drug-related cues. 5,6 Ultimately, this drug-related attention bias influences drug-seeking behaviour, which in turn is associated with increased craving 7-9 and relapse susceptibility. [10][11][12][13] Abstinence from drug use improves cognitive and affective functioning, including attentional bias/ dysregulation, in drug-addicted individuals.14 To objectively quantify attention to salient cues, several prior studies have used the late positive potential (LPP), an event-related potential (ERP) component that marks motivated attention to emotionally salient stimuli. 15,16 Specifically, increased LPP amplitude in response to drug-related compared with neutral cues has consistently been shown across all substance use disorders [17][18][19][20][21][22][23] and has further been linked with cue-induced craving.24 Importantly, cross-sectional studies have shown that the LPP amplitude to drug-related cues is decreased 25,26 while that to non-drug-related cues is increased 19,27 after a period of reduced drug use (3 d to about 1 yr). Moreover, prospective neuroimaging studies modelling relapse vulnerability and future drug use have shown that reduced attention toward drug-related cues 11,12,[28][29][30] and increased attention toward non-drug-related reinforcers [31][32][33] predicted longer abstinence durations in individuals with substance use disorders. Although these studies are highly informative, many have been limited to the cross-sectional Background: Increased attention bias toward drug-related cues over non-drug-related intrinsically pleasant reinforcers is a hallmark of drug addiction. In this study we used the late positive potential (LPP) to investigate whether such increased attention bias toward drugrelated relative to non-drug-related cues changes over a protracted period of reduced drug use in treatment-seeking individuals with a cocaine use disorder (CUD). Methods: Treatment-seeking individuals with CUD and matched healthy controls passively viewed a series of pleasant, neutral and drug-related pictures while their event-related potentials were recorded at baseline (≤ 3 weeks after treatment initiation) and at 6-month follow-up (only CUD). Results: We included 19 treatment-seeking individuals with CUD and 18 matched controls in our analyses. The results showed a reversal in attention bias (i.e., LPP amplitude) from baseline (i.e., drug > pleasant) to follow-up (i.e., pleasant > drug) driven by...

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Cognitive-motivational predictors of excessive drinkers’ success in changing

Abstract: It was concluded that (a) both cognitive and motivational factors affect the likelihood of drinking reductions and (b) a complete understanding of drinking problems should be formulated in terms of both cognitive and motivational variables.

Cited by 94 publications

References 43 publications

Restraint, disinhibition and food-related processing bias

Restraint, disinhibition and food-related processing bias

Cognitive and behavioral correlates of BMI among male and female undergraduate students

Abstinence reverses EEG-indexed attention bias between drug-related and pleasant stimuli in cocaine-addicted individuals

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