Cognitive Learning Approaches to the Design of Accessible E-Learning Systems

Abstract

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Participatory design curriculum promotes engineering design, critical thinking, and creativity for students from kindergarten to 12th grade.

“…A researcher from this study taught the teaching experiment courses, and a technology/design teacher was present to coordinate teaching and ensure consistency of the teaching progress and quality. The design processes used by the three groups were identical to those of Adams’ (2001) study. For the participatory-design curriculum, alongside assigning female students the role of target users in the design process, participatory-design activities were designed in the course.…”

“…The verbatim manuscripts were coded according to Perkins and Murphy (2006) to identify the students’ critical-thinking behavior. The students’ responses were coded according to Adams (2001) to identify their engineering behaviors. Table 2 lists the coding scheme for engineering-design behaviors, and Table 3 lists the coding scheme for critical-thinking behaviors…”

“…Engineering design problems are frequently unclear, ill-structured, and have different solutions (Buchanan, 2010; Fan et al, 2021; Lewis, 2005; Yu et al, 2020). This makes engineering design an iterative process with specific design behaviors to achieve optimal design results (Adams, 2001; Adams & Atman, 2000; Adams et al, 2003; Atman et al, 2007). Iteration is an effective design practice in engineering design (Adams et al, 2003) and offers mechanisms that foster design innovation (Dorst & Cross, 2001).…”

“…Iteration is an effective design practice in engineering design (Adams et al, 2003) and offers mechanisms that foster design innovation (Dorst & Cross, 2001). The educational community has sought to identify common core behaviors of engineering design that are frequently performed iteratively, and studies concluded an idealized model of iterative transition sequences (Adams, 2001; Atman & Bursic, 1998), as shown in Figure 1. The web diagram model includes eight essential engineering behaviors: problem definition (Pro), gathering information (Gat), generating ideas (Gen), modeling (Mod), feasibility (Fea), evaluation (Eva), decision (Dec), and communication (Com).…”

“…The links in the idealized web diagram define iterations as transitions to earlier design steps. Self-iterations can also appear within the design steps (e.g., modeling; Adams, 2001).…”