Cognitive impairment related to arterial stiffness in cardiovascular disease patients with severe periodontitis

Abstract

Severe periodontal disease (SPD) associated with systemic peripheral inflammation, cognitive impairment (CI) and arterial stiffness (AS) has been recognized. The aim of this study was to investigate whether CI and arterial stiffness (AS) occur in cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients with SPD. A crosssectional case-control study included hospitalized patients with CVD. Demographic characteristics, CVD and atherogenic risk factors were recorded. SPD was diagnosed by clinical and radiographic dental examinations. Dental clinical attachment level (CAL) and CAL % were recorded. A Mini-Mental State Examination test (MMSE) assessed cognition, a MMSE score of < 27 was set as the cut-off point of CI; a score ≥ 27 was considered as no CI. Patients were categorized into: MMSE< 27 in the three models. The risk of having MMSE < 27 increased an average of 2.404-fold for each 1-unit increase in PWV. SPD and AS had significant and independent associations on the risk for development CI. MMSE negatively correlated with CAL% (r=0.69) and PWV (r=0.70). PWV positively correlated with CAL% (r=0.67). Serum VCAM-1 levels were higher in SPD with lower MMSE scores. In conclusion, SPD increases the risk of development of cognitive decline in CVD patients. PWV was directly associated with the risk of cognitive decline. These findings denote a significant opportunity to improve periodontal health in order to avert CI in CVD patients.

Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Diseases in Saliva and Gingival Crevicular Fluid: A Review

“…The same research found no differences in catalase levels between groups. 60 Lipid peroxidation (LPO) is an important consequence of oxidative stress that can be evaluated by measuring MDA. Nguyen et al 58 performed a study in which they divided patients into 4 groups: ACS + periodontitis, ACS only, periodontitis only, and healthy controls.…”

“…58,59 The intensity of oxidative stress can be assessed by measuring the oxygenation rate of various molecules or the activity of antioxidant enzymes (e.g., catalase). A study by Rubio et al 60 revealed higher levels of salivary dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) oxidation rates in ACS patients compared with controls. The same research found no differences in catalase levels between groups.…”

Deuterohemin-Ala-His-Thr-Val-Glu-Lys (DhHP-6) Mimicking Enzyme as Synergistic Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Material for Periodontitis Therapy

“…Periodontitis is the primary cause of tooth loss in adults. It can destroy the supporting tissues of the teeth and influence systemic health [ 4 ].…”