Cognitive Impairment and Mortality in Older Mexican Americans

Nguyen, Ha; Black, Sandra A.; Ray, L.; Espino, David V.; Markides, Kyriakos S.

doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51055.x

Cited by 99 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(54 reference statements)

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“…Low cognitive scores in childhood and early adulthood, usually on intelligence tests, have been shown to be associated with shortened survival Hart et al, 2005;Holsinger et al, 2007;Kuh et al, 2004;Martin and Kubzansky, 2005;Whalley and Deary, 2001). On the other hand, cognition in the elderly has also been shown to be associated with mortality (Bassuk et al, 2000;Bennett et al, 2002;Dewey and Saz, 2001;Eagles et al, 1990;Fried et al, 1998;Gale et al, 1996;Gussekloo et al, 1997;Hassing et al, 2002;Hunderfund et al, 2006;Kelman et al, 1994;Korten et al, 1999;Liu et al, 1990;Neale et al, 2001;Nguyen et al, 2003;Palmer et al, 2002;Shipley et al, 2006;Small et al, 2003;Small and Backman, 1997;Smits et al, 1999;Swan et al, 1995;Tuokko et al, 2003). Besides age, a major difference between these two strands of research is the conceptualisation of cognitive function.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among children and adolescents, cognitive function is generally measured by tests of intelligence Hart et al, 2005;Holsinger et al, 2007;Kuh et al, 2004;Martin and Kubzansky, 2005;Whalley and Deary, 2001), a single composite measure is used to assess global cognitive ability and referred to as 'g' or the general intelligence factor . Among the elderly, multiple cognitive domains, like memory (Hassing et al, 2002;Shipley et al, 2006;Small et al, 2003;Small and Backman, 1997;Smits et al, 1999), digit symbol substitution test (Fried et al, 1998;Swan et al, 1995), others measures of processing speed (Anstey et al, 2001;Hassing et al, 2002;Korten et al, 1999;Smits et al, 1999), visuospatial abilities (Hassing et al, 2002;Shipley et al, 2006;Small et al, 2003), vocabulary (Anstey et al, 2001;Rabbitt et al, 2002), verbal fluency (Small et al, 2003) or global cognitive function, like the Mini-Mental State Examination (Anstey et al, 2001;Bassuk et al, 2000;Eagles et al, 1990;Gale et al, 1996;Gussekloo et al, 1997;Kelman et al, 1994;Neale et al, 2001;Nguyen et al, 2003;Palmer et al, 2002;Small et al, 2003), have been used. However, it remains unclear whether the association between cognition and mortality is specific to a particular cognitive domain or to intelligence in general.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Does cognition predict mortality in midlife? Results from the Whitehall II cohort study

Sabia

Guéguen

Marmot

et al. 2010

Neurobiology of Aging

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The authors examined the association of 'g' (general intelligence) factor and 5 specific cognitive measures assessed in 1997-1999 with mortality till 2006 (mean follow-up of 8 years) in the middleaged Whitehall II cohort study. In age-and sex-adjusted analysis, a decrease in one standard-deviation in memory (Hazard Ratio (HR)=1.19, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.02, 1.39) and in AH4-I (HR=1.16, 95%CI: 1.01, 1.35) was found to be associated with higher mortality. The association with 'g' factor, phonemic and semantic fluency did not reach significance at p<0.05. No association was found with vocabulary. Out of education, health behaviours and health measures, it was health behaviours that explained the greater part of the association between cognition and mortality, ranging from 21% for memory to 70% for semantic fluency. All the covariates taken together explained only 26% of the association with memory and between 33-90% for the other cognitive measures. This study suggests that 'g' type composite measure of cognition might not be enough to understand the associations between cognition and health.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does cognition predict mortality in midlife? Results from the Whitehall II cohort study

Sabia

Guéguen

Marmot

et al. 2010

Neurobiology of Aging

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…These associations may occur across the full range of test scores (6,7), rather than just in persons with severe mental impairment, although this is not a universal observation (4). Mechanisms advanced to explain these findings include the suggestion that individuals with higher cognitive function are more likely than their lower-scoring counterparts to recognize early symptoms of disease, adhere to medication use, and engage in behaviors conducive to health (8,9).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Premorbid (early life) IQ and Later Mortality Risk: Systematic Review

Batty

Deary

Gottfredson³

2007

Annals of Epidemiology

418

344

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PURPOSE: Studies of middle-aged and particularly older-aged adults found that those with higher scores on tests of IQ (cognitive function) had lower rates of later mortality. Interpretation of such findings potentially is hampered by the problem of reverse causality: such somatic diseases as diabetes or hypertension, common in older adults, can decrease cognitive function. Studies that provide extended follow-up of the health experience of individuals who had their (premorbid) IQ assessed in childhood and/or early adulthood minimize this concern. The purpose of the present report is to systematically locate, evaluate, and interpret the findings of all such studies. METHODS: We systematically identified individual-level studies linking premorbid IQ with later mortality by using four approaches: search of electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PSYCHINFO); scrutiny of the reference sections of identified reports; search of our own files; and contact with researchers in the field. Study quality was assessed by using predefined criteria. RESULTS: Nine cohort studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall, study quality was moderate. All reports showed an inverse IQ-mortality relation; i.e., higher IQ scores were associated with decreased mortality risk. The nature of this relation (i.e., dose-response or threshold) and whether it differs by sex was unclear. The IQ-mortality association did not appear to be explained by reverse causality or selection bias. Confounding by other early-life factors also did not seem to explain the association, although some studies were not well characterized in this regard. Adult socioeconomic position appeared to mediate the IQ-mortality association in some studies, but this was not a universal finding. CONCLUSIONS: In all studies, higher IQ in the first two decades of life was related to lower rates of total mortality in middle to late adulthood. Some plausible mechanistic pathways exist, but further examination is required. The precise nature of the IQ-mortality relation (particularly in ethnic minorities and women) and the link between IQ and disease-specific outcomes also warrants further research. Ann Epidemiol -;-:-. Ó

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“…Los resultados del presente estudio coinciden en resaltar la asociación entre los valores bajos en pruebas cognoscitivas y la mortalidad publicados por otros autores en distintas poblaciones (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)19). Una revisión sistemática realizada por Batty y colaboradores mostró una relación inversa entre el coeficiente intelectual en adultos jóvenes y la mortalidad (17), que aunque no es comparable con la población mexicana aquí estudiada, confirma dicha asociación independientemente de la edad de los participantes.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Se decidió incluir sujetos a partir de los 50 años porque después de esta edad se observa una disminución de las habilidades cognoscitivas, que se hace todavía más evidente después de los 60 años (20,21). Por otro lado, de los trabajos referidos solo Nguyen y colaboradores (19) incluyeron una población similar a la de México -mexicanoestadounidenses de los estados de Arizona, California, Colorado, Nuevo Mé-xico y Texas-, quienes observaron que aun un deterioro leve en los puntajes del examen mínimo del estado mental se asoció con un incremento en la mortalidad. En un estudio realizado en la ciudad de México por Arauz y colaboradores en el que incluyeron a 734 sujetos de entre 55 y 90 años de edad, evaluados cognitivamente mediante el Examen Mínimo del Estado Mental, con un seguimiento promedio de 3,2 años, se encontró que un deterioro cognoscitivo moderado o severo se asocia con un incremento en la mortalidad, algo que no ocurre con el deterioro leve (22).…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Desempeño cognoscitivo y mortalidad en personas mayores de 50 años en México

González¹,

Berlanga²,

Hermosillo³

et al. 2010

Rev Panam Salud Publica

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Objetivo. Determinar la asociación entre un bajo desempeño cognoscitivo registrado en 2001 en el Estudio Nacional sobre Salud y Envejecimiento en México (ENASEM), (IC 95% 28,85) (Log Rank χ 2 = 59,230 P < 0,001). Un puntaje menor a 40 en la evaluación cognoscitiva se asoció con un riesgo relativo de muerte de 1,863 (IC 95% 1,65) en el análisis multivariado. También se asociaron con tasas más altas de mortalidad una mayor edad, autoinforme de diabetes, cáncer, haber fumado alguna vez, recibir ayuda en al menos una actividad instrumentada de la vida diaria y tener un mayor puntaje en la escala de depresión. Conclusiones. Un puntaje menor a 40 en la versión abreviada del Examen Cognoscitivo Transcultural se asoció independientemente con un incremento en las tasas de mortalidad dentro de los dos años siguientes.Envejecimiento; mortalidad; salud del adulto; salud del anciano; salud mental; actividades cotidianas; México. RESUMENLa transición demográfica y epidemiológica asociada al aumento en la esperanza de vida ha tenido implicaciones importantes para los sistemas de salud en todo el mundo. Una de ellas es el envejecimiento poblacional. En México, entre 2005 y 2050 la población de adultos mayores aumentará en alrededor de 26 millones, aunque más de 75% de este incremento ocurrirá a partir de 2020. Debido a este acelerado crecimiento, se estima que la población de 60 años o más, Palabras claveDíaz de León González E, Barragán Berlanga AJ, Gutiérrez Hermosillo H, Cobos Aguilar H. Desempeño cognoscitivo y mortalidad en personas mayores de 50 años en México. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2010;27(5):368-75.

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Cognitive Impairment and Mortality in Older Mexican Americans

Cited by 99 publications

References 35 publications

Does cognition predict mortality in midlife? Results from the Whitehall II cohort study

Does cognition predict mortality in midlife? Results from the Whitehall II cohort study

Premorbid (early life) IQ and Later Mortality Risk: Systematic Review

Desempeño cognoscitivo y mortalidad en personas mayores de 50 años en México

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