Cognitive Functioning of U.S. Adults by Race and Hispanic Origin

Díaz-Venegas, Carlos; Downer, Brian; Langa, Kenneth M.; Wong, Rebeca

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-00584-9_5

Cited by 17 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…Over 60% of Hispanics living in the United States are Mexican American (49). However, our findings may not be generalizable to Hispanic populations that have different demographic and health characteristics than Mexican Americans (50).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Changes in Health Care Use by Mexican American Medicare Beneficiaries Before and After a Diagnosis of Dementia

Downer

Snih

Chou

et al. 2020

The Journals of Gerontology: Series A

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Background Evidence from predominantly non-Hispanic White cohorts indicates healthcare utilization increases before Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) is diagnosed. We investigated trends in healthcare utilization by Mexican-American Medicare beneficiaries before and after an incident diagnosis of ADRD. Methods Data came from the Hispanic Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly that has been linked with Medicare claims files from 1999-2016 (n=558 matched cases and controls). Piecewise regression and generalized linear mixed models were used to compare the quarterly trends in any (i.e., one or more) hospitalizations, emergency room (ER) admissions, and physician visits for one year before and one year after ADRD diagnosis. Results The piecewise regression models showed that the per-quarter odds for any hospitalizations (OR=1.62, 95% CI=1.43-1.84) and any ER admissions (OR=1.40, 95% CI=1.27-1.54) increased before ADRD was diagnosed. Compared to participants without ADRD, the percentage of participants with ADRD who experienced any hospitalizations (27.2% vs 14.0%) and any ER admissions (19.0% vs 11.7%) was significantly higher at one-quarter and three-quarters before ADRD diagnosis, respectively. The per-quarter odds for any hospitalizations (OR=0.88, 95% CI=0.80-0.97) and any ER admissions (OR=0.89, 95% CI=0.82-0.97) decreased after ADRD was diagnosed. Trends for any physician visits before or after ADRD diagnosis were not statistically significant. Conclusions Older Mexican-Americans show an increase in hospitalizations and ER admissions before ADRD is diagnosed, which is followed by a decrease after ADRD diagnosis. These findings support the importance of a timely diagnosis of ADRD for older Mexican-Americans.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Changes in Health Care Use by Mexican American Medicare Beneficiaries Before and After a Diagnosis of Dementia

Downer

Snih

Chou

et al. 2020

The Journals of Gerontology: Series A

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“…In addition, poor cognitive function is a significant risk factor in dementia (Petersen et al, 2001), which yield high stress for patient, caregivers, and society (Kuiper et al, 2015). However, current studies yield a coherent result that older Hispanics tend to have poorer performance on cognitive tests compared to non-Hispanic whites (Díaz-Venegas et al, 2019) and that older Hispanic male are more likely to have a better cognitive function than older Hispanic female (Díaz-Venegas et al, 2016). Identifying the potential factors contributing to cognitive function is advantageous for policymakers and social workers to help maintain the cognitive health of older Hispanic Americans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Research on Family Relationship and Cognitive Function among Older Hispanic Americans: Empirical Evidence from the Health and Retirement Study

Xiao

Mao

Jia

et al. 2021

Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences

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The current study aimed to investigate the associations between family relationship and cognitive function among Hispanic older population. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted with a sample size of 1,580 individuals from the Health and Retirement Study in the United States (mean age = 65.65 ( SD = 9.33)). Family relationship was measured in three dimensions: structural, functional, and appraisal support. The results of linear regression analysis indicated that diverse composition of family network (β = .070, p = .009) and receiving financial support from family members (β = .060, p = .018) were associated with better cognitive function. Moderation analyses demonstrated that these associations were greater for Hispanic women than men. Current findings highlight the importance of family relationship on cognitive function among Hispanic older population and suggest that researchers and policymakers should put emphasis on the structural and functional aspects of family relationship to improve their cognitive health.

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“…Given the consequential implications of ADRD diagnoses for older adults, research has aimed to understand patterns in cognitive functioning indicators that may increase risk for ADRD. Still, disparities in cognitive function outcomes, including memory, attention, and reasoning, are apparent [ 14 , 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceived Neighborhood Characteristics and Cognitive Functioning among Diverse Older Adults: An Intersectional Approach

Thierry

Sherman-Wilkins

Armendariz

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Unfavorable neighborhood conditions are linked to health disparities. Yet, a dearth of literature examines how neighborhood characteristics contribute to cognitive health in diverse samples of older adults. The present study uses an intersectional approach to examine how race/ethnicity, gender, and education moderate the association between neighborhood perceptions and cognitive functioning in later life. We used data from adults ≥65 years old (n = 8023) in the 2010–2016 waves of the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study (HRS). We conducted race/ethnicity-stratified linear regression models where cognitive functioning, measured using the 35-point Telephone Interview Cognitive Screen (TICS), was regressed on three neighborhood characteristics—cleanliness, safety, and social cohesion. We examine whether there is heterogeneity within race/ethnicity by testing if and how the relationship between neighborhood characteristics and cognitive functioning differs by gender and education. Among White adults, worse neighborhood characteristics were associated with lower cognitive functioning among those with less education. However, for Black adults, poor perceived quality of one’s neighborhood was associated with worse cognitive functioning among those with more years of education compared to those with fewer years of education. Among Mexicans, perceived neighborhood uncleanliness was associated with lower cognitive functioning among those with less education, but higher cognitive functioning for those with higher levels of education. Thus, this study contributes to the literature on racial/ethnic disparities in cognitive aging disparities by examining neighborhood contextual factors as determinants of cognitive functioning. In particular, we find that higher education in the context of less favorable neighborhood environments does not confer the same benefits to cognitive functioning among all older adults.

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Cognitive Functioning of U.S. Adults by Race and Hispanic Origin

Cited by 17 publications

References 78 publications

Changes in Health Care Use by Mexican American Medicare Beneficiaries Before and After a Diagnosis of Dementia

Changes in Health Care Use by Mexican American Medicare Beneficiaries Before and After a Diagnosis of Dementia

Research on Family Relationship and Cognitive Function among Older Hispanic Americans: Empirical Evidence from the Health and Retirement Study

Perceived Neighborhood Characteristics and Cognitive Functioning among Diverse Older Adults: An Intersectional Approach

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