Cognitive functioning in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Gil, Tzvi; Calev, Avraham; Greenberg, David A.; Kugelmass, Sol; Lerer, Bernard

doi:10.1007/bf00975134

Cited by 29 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Several studies using a variety of measures (including the Wechsler Memory Scale, the visual and verbal components of the Selective Reminding Test, the Auditory Verbal Learning Test, the California Verbal New Learning Test, and the Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test) found specific deficits in verbal declarative memory function, with a relative sparing of visual memory and IQ (Barrett et al, 1996;Bremner et al, 1993aBremner et al, , 1995aGil et al, 1990;Gilbertson et al, 2001;Golier et al, 1997;Jenkins et al, 1998;Moradi et al, 1999;Roca and Freeman, 2001;Sachinvala et al, 2000;Uddo et al, 1993;Vasterling et al, 1998Vasterling et al, , 2002Yehuda et al, 1995). These studies have been conducted in patients with PTSD related to Vietnam combat (Barrett et al, 1996;Bremner et al, 1993a;Gilbertson et al, 2001;Golier et al, 1997;Roca and Freeman, 2001;Sachinvala et al, 2000;Uddo et al, 1993;Vasterling et al, 1998Vasterling et al, , 2002Yehuda et al, 1995), rape (Jenkins et al, 1998), adults with early childhood abuse (Bremner et al, 1995a) and traumatized children (Moradi et al, 1999).…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

Deficits in Verbal Declarative Memory Function in Women With Childhood Sexual Abuse-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Bremner¹,

Vermetten²,

Afzal³

et al. 2004

The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease

187

103

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Several studies have shown deficits in verbal declarative memory function in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Most of these studies have been performed in men with combat-related PTSD compared with healthy subjects; relatively little is known about memory function in women with abuse-related PTSD, or whether these effects are specific to PTSD or are a nonspecific outcome of exposure to early abuse. The purpose of this study was to assess declarative memory function in women with and without a history of early childhood sexual abuse and PTSD. Forty-three women with and without a history of early childhood sexual abuse and PTSD underwent neuropsychological testing with subtests of the Wechsler Memory Scale--Revised for measurement of verbal and visual memory and subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale for measurement of IQ, and behavioral ratings of PTSD and other psychiatric symptoms. Abused women with PTSD had deficits in verbal declarative memory as measured with the subtests of the Wechsler Memory Scale--Revised compared with women with early abuse without PTSD and nonabused women without PTSD. There were no significant differences in IQ. These findings suggest that early abuse with PTSD is associated with deficits in verbal declarative memory, and that these effects are not related to the nonspecific effects of childhood abuse.

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mentioning

confidence: 97%

Deficits in Verbal Declarative Memory Function in Women With Childhood Sexual Abuse-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Bremner¹,

Vermetten²,

Afzal³

et al. 2004

The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease

187

103

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Traumatized adults exhibit deficits in sustained attention, 2,3,4 mental manipulation, 5 and strategic and declarative memory abilities. 6,2,4 There are conflicting reports on the extent to which the Intelligence Quotient (IQ), a hypothesized fixed cognitive attribute, is influenced by traumatic experiences. Some researchers have linked posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity to IQ scores, 2,7,8 with increased PTSD symptomatology in Vietnam combat veterans associated with lower scores on standardized IQ tests.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6,2,4 There are conflicting reports on the extent to which the Intelligence Quotient (IQ), a hypothesized fixed cognitive attribute, is influenced by traumatic experiences. Some researchers have linked posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity to IQ scores, 2,7,8 with increased PTSD symptomatology in Vietnam combat veterans associated with lower scores on standardized IQ tests. While most studies are cross-sectional, examination of veteran service records for pre-trauma IQ scores has allowed some researchers to posit directionality for the association.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

IQ and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Children Exposed to Interpersonal Violence

Saltzman

Weems

Carrión

2005

Child Psychiatry Hum Dev

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Findings provide support for an association between PTSD symptoms and IQ, particularly verbal IQ. Two possible reasons for this relationship are that higher levels of Verbal IQ may serve as a premorbid protective factor against the development of re-experiencing symptoms, or performance on post-trauma Verbal IQ measures may be negatively impacted by expression of PTSD symptoms. Longitudinal studies are needed to clarify which of these two possibilities explains the association.

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“…Patients with PTSD secondary to combat [45][46][47][48][49] and childhood abuse [50,51] [45][46][47][48][49][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60]. These studies have been conducted in patients with PTSD related to a variety of etiologies including Vietnam combat [45][46][47][48][49]52,[55][56][57]59], rape [53], the Holocaust [60][61][62], adults with early childhood abuse [51], and traumatized children [54].…”

Section: Changes In Brain Structure In Ptsd and Stress Related Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroimaging in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Other Stress-Related Disorders

Bremner

2007

Neuroimaging Clinics of North America

137

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SynopsisTraumatic stress has a broad range of effects on the brain. Brain areas implicated in the stress response include the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex. Studies in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other psychiatric disorders related to stress have replicated findings in animal studies by finding alterations in these brain areas. Brain regions implicated in PTSD also play an important role in memory function, highlighting the important interplay between memory and the traumatic stress response. Abnormalities in these brain areas are hypothesized to underlie symptoms of PTSD and other stress-related psychiatric disorders. EFFECTS OF TRAUMATIC STRESS ON THE INDIVIDUALTraumatic stressors including childhood abuse can lead to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as well as depression [1,2], substance abuse [3,4], dissociative disorders [5], personality disorders [6,7], and health problems [8]. For many trauma victims, PTSD, which affects about 8% of Americans at some time in their lives [3], may be a life-long problem [9]. However, the development of effective treatments is limited by gaps in knowledge about the underlying neurobiological mechanisms that mediate symptoms of trauma related disorders like PTSD. Until twelve years ago, no brain imaging studies had been performed in patients with PTSD or other stress-related psychiatric disorders. The past decade has seen an explosion of research using brain imaging to assess the effects of traumatic stress on the brain [10]. These studies have implicated the amygdala, hippocampus, and medial prefrontal cortex (including anterior cingulate) in PTSD and other stress related psychiatric disorders. This chapter reviews brain imaging studies looking at the effects of traumatic stress on the brain, and integrates them with basic science findings on the neuroscience of stress. NEURAL CIRCUITS OF PTSDPTSD is characterized by specific symptoms, including intrusive thoughts, hyperarousal, flashbacks, nightmares, and sleep disturbances, changes in memory and concentration, and startle responses. Symptoms of PTSD are hypothesized to represent the behavioral manifestation of stress-induced changes in brain structure and function. Stress results in acute and chronic changes in neurochemical systems and specific brain regions, which result in longterm changes in brain "circuits" involved in the stress response [11][12][13][14]. Brain regions that are

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Cognitive functioning in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Cited by 29 publications

References 22 publications

Deficits in Verbal Declarative Memory Function in Women With Childhood Sexual Abuse-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Deficits in Verbal Declarative Memory Function in Women With Childhood Sexual Abuse-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

IQ and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Children Exposed to Interpersonal Violence

Neuroimaging in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Other Stress-Related Disorders

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