Cognitive function in non-hospitalized patients 8–13 months after acute COVID-19 infection: A cohort study in Norway

Stavem, Knut; Einvik, Gunnar; Tholin, Birgitte; Hessen, Erik; Lundqvist, Christofer

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0273352

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(50 reference statements)

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“…Both groups also had MoCA scores that did not significantly differ. (12)(13)(14)(15) This result differed from related studies, possibly due to the population (age, degree of COVID-19, level of education and underlying diseases), neuropsychological assessment and design study. These related studies presented that postCOVID-19 status impaired cognitive functions such as executive function, attention, short term memory, language tasks and visuospatial processes.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 68%

Cognitive Functions Among Patients Who Recovered From Covid-19

Saneemanomai¹

2023

J Southeast Asian Med Res

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Introduction: The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spread, causing a worldwide pandemic and affecting multiple organs and systems. The possible long-term sequelae of COVID-19 have become an increasing concern. Currently, little information exists about prolonged COVID-19 affects related to cognitive functions. Objective: The study aimed to investigate the cognitive functions of patients who recovered from COVID-19 at least three months after the diagnosis. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate cognitive functions among 150 employees of Buddhasothorn Hospital, Chachoengsao, Thailand. Of these, 75 employees had a history of COVID-19 at least three months after the diagnosis. Demographic characteristics were recorded and screened for depression, anxiety and insomnia. They were tested for their cognitive functions using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and compared with 75 employees without a history of COVID-19. Results: All postCOVID-19 cases presented mild COVID-19 symptoms. The results showed that 96% of COVID-19 in both groups, cases and the healthy group, had normal cognitive functions using the MoCA that did not significantly differ. However, the depression score in the postCOVID-19 cases was significantly higher than that of the participants without a history of COVID-19 (1.09 ± 1.36 and 0.61 ± 1.09, respectively (p = 0.018). Regression analysis between the postCOVID-19 cases and depression using multivariate analysis showed that the postCOVID-19 cases were associated with depression scale (β coefficient=0.470; 95%CI: 0.073, 0.867, respectively), after adjusting for age, sex, educational level and underlying diseases. Conclusion: The cognitive functions of employees having a history of COVID-19 and without infection did not differ.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 68%

Cognitive Functions Among Patients Who Recovered From Covid-19

Saneemanomai¹

2023

J Southeast Asian Med Res

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“…Overall, these findings emphasize the potential long-term consequences of COVID-19 [ 29 , 30 , 31 ]. Our cohort is likely to be representative of patients attended in a specialized setting of patients with PCS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Fatigue and Cognitive Dysfunction Are Associated with Occupational Status in Post-COVID Syndrome

Delgado‐Alonso

Cuevas

Oliver-Mas

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Post-COVID syndrome (PCS) is a medical condition characterized by the persistence of a wide range of symptoms after acute infection by SARS-CoV-2. The work capacity consequences of this disorder have scarcely been studied. We aimed to analyze the factors associated with occupational status in patients with PCS. This cross-sectional study involved 77 patients with PCS on active work before SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients were evaluated 20.71 ± 6.50 months after clinical onset. We conducted a survey on occupational activity and cognitive and clinical symptoms. The association between occupational activity and fatigue, depression, anxiety, sleep quality, and cognitive testing was analyzed. Thirty-eight (49.4%) patients were working, and thirty-nine (50.6%) patients were not. Of those not working at the moment of the assessment, 36 (92.3%) patients were on sick leave. In 63 patients (81.8% of the sample), sick leave was needed at some point due to PCS. The mean duration of sick leave was 12.07 ± 8.07 months. According to the patient’s perspective, the most disabling symptoms were cognitive complaints (46.8%) and fatigue (31.2%). Not working at the moment of the assessment was associated with higher levels of fatigue and lower cognitive performance in the Stroop test. No association was found between occupational status with depression and anxiety questionnaires. Our study found an influence of PCS on work capacity. Fatigue and cognitive issues were the most frequent symptoms associated with loss of work capacity.

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“…On the other hand, one study evaluating mild COVID-19 individuals at 11 months found several impaired cognitive measures relative to HC. Nevertheless, these authors did not assess whether their participants had fatigue or mood disturbances [65]. Different pathophysiological pathways for brain damage are probably implicated in mild, hospitalized, and critical cases of COVID-19.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 severity is related to poor executive function in people with post-COVID conditions

Ariza

Cano²,

Segura³

et al. 2023

J Neurol

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Patients with post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) conditions typically experience cognitive problems. Some studies have linked COVID-19 severity with long-term cognitive damage, while others did not observe such associations. This discrepancy can be attributed to methodological and sample variations. We aimed to clarify the relationship between COVID-19 severity and long-term cognitive outcomes and determine whether the initial symptomatology can predict long-term cognitive problems. Cognitive evaluations were performed on 109 healthy controls and 319 post-COVID individuals categorized into three groups according to the WHO clinical progression scale: severe-critical (n = 77), moderate-hospitalized (n = 73), and outpatients (n = 169). Principal component analysis was used to identify factors associated with symptoms in the acute-phase and cognitive domains. Analyses of variance and regression linear models were used to study intergroup differences and the relationship between initial symptomatology and long-term cognitive problems. The severe-critical group performed significantly worse than the control group in general cognition (Montreal Cognitive Assessment), executive function (Digit symbol, Trail Making Test B, phonetic fluency), and social cognition (Reading the Mind in the Eyes test). Five components of symptoms emerged from the principal component analysis: the “Neurologic/Pain/Dermatologic” “Digestive/Headache”, “Respiratory/Fever/Fatigue/Psychiatric” and “Smell/ Taste” components were predictors of Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores; the “Neurologic/Pain/Dermatologic” component predicted attention and working memory; the “Neurologic/Pain/Dermatologic” and “Respiratory/Fever/Fatigue/Psychiatric” components predicted verbal memory, and the “Respiratory/Fever/Fatigue/Psychiatric,” “Neurologic/Pain/Dermatologic,” and “Digestive/Headache” components predicted executive function. Patients with severe COVID-19 exhibited persistent deficits in executive function. Several initial symptoms were predictors of long-term sequelae, indicating the role of systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation in the acute-phase symptoms of COVID-19.” Study Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT05307549 and NCT05307575.

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Cognitive function in non-hospitalized patients 8–13 months after acute COVID-19 infection: A cohort study in Norway

Cited by 11 publications

References 30 publications

Cognitive Functions Among Patients Who Recovered From Covid-19

Cognitive Functions Among Patients Who Recovered From Covid-19

Fatigue and Cognitive Dysfunction Are Associated with Occupational Status in Post-COVID Syndrome

COVID-19 severity is related to poor executive function in people with post-COVID conditions

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