“…Previous research suggests that understanding spoken language, particularly in difficult listening situations (e.g., speech in noise and foreign-accented speech), may be affected by age-related factors, including hearing loss and declines in cognitive function (e.g., Gordon-Salant & Fitzgibbons, 2004;Gordon-Salant, Yeni-Komshian, & Fitzgibbons, 2010;Wingfield, Tun, & McCoy, 2005). Indeed, relative to younger adults, older adults, with and without hearing loss, experience greater difficulty understanding speech in noise and foreign-accented speech (e.g., Dubno, Dirks, & Morgan, 1984;Gordon-Salant & Fitzgibbons, 1995;Ingvalson, Lansford, Fedorova, & Fernandez, 2017;Schneider, Daneman, Murphy, & See, 2000;Souza, Arehart, Shen, Anderson, & Kates, 2015). In addition, the cognitive mechanisms supporting perception of speech in difficult listening conditions may be different for younger and older adults.…”