“…One exception is the study of Martins et al (2013) that reported a positive association between expertness diversity (evaluated as within-group standard deviation of CGPA) and group performance in an IT project realized as part of a course task. Five of the 11 studies that used the summed score of the withingroup standard deviation of cognitive styles reported disruptive effects of cognitive diversity on strategic consensus (Aggarwal & Woolley, 2013, 2019, cohesion and viability (Mello & Delise, 2015), positive emotional states (Armstrong & Priola, 2001), and relationships (Qi & Armstrong, 2019). Overall, these studies showed that horizontal and vertical cognitive diversity co-exist, and vertical cognitive diversity reduces social integration in groups, triggers process losses, and ultimately decreases effectiveness, performance, and creativity.…”