Cognitive dissonance from 2 years of age: Toddlers', but not infants', blind choices induce preferences

Wiesmann, Charlotte Grosse; Kampis, Dora; Poulsen, Emilie; Schüler, Clara; Duplessy, Helle Lukowski; Southgate, Victoria

doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105039

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Mirror self-recognition test. In experiment 1, infants additionally participated in a mirror selfrecognition task, as described in detail in (23,28). In brief, infants were exposed to their mirror image, the mirror was then occluded, and a blue dot surreptitiously applied to their nose.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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From other-reference to a self-reference effect – Reversal of the classic memory bias in human infants

Grosse Wiesmann,

Rothmaler,

Habdank

et al. 2024

Preprint

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As adults, we remember information better that is related to ourselves compared to similar information without self-reference. This self-reference bias is well-documented in both adults and children, but its developmental origins are unknown. Here, we hypothesized that its emergence should be associated with the development of a self-concept in the second year of life. We presented 18-month-old infants with a sequence of novel objects that were assigned either to them, or to a puppet. Infants were then tested on their memory for the objects by presenting them with an image of each of the objects, alongside an image of a similar but modified version of the same object. As an index of self-concept emergence, infants were also tested for mirror self-recognition. 18-month-olds who passed the mirror self-recognition test remembered objects assigned to them better than those assigned to the puppet, and this result was replicated in a second study with older infants. In contrast, 18-month-olds who did not evidence mirror self-recognition only remembered the objects assigned to the puppet, but not the objects assigned to themselves. This suggests that the self-reference effect emerges with the development of self-concept in the second year of life. However, prior to the emergence of a self-concept, infants instead exhibit an other-reference effect. We suggest that prioritizing information relevant to others is adaptive given young infants’ heavy dependence on others, but that, with the emergence of a self-concept, infants transition to prioritizing self-relevant information.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We then tested their memory for these objects. In addition, infants participated in a mirror self-recognition test (procedures as in (23,28)). We hypothesized that infants who recognized themselves in the mirror would show a memory benefit for the self-assigned objects, whereas toddlers who did not recognize themselves would not.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From other-reference to a self-reference effect – Reversal of the classic memory bias in human infants

Grosse Wiesmann,

Rothmaler,

Habdank

et al. 2024

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…From the student's point of view, this can easily lead to cognitive dissonance, since even in early childhood it is easy to see the contradiction between this double standard of teaching equivalence and teaching what is right and wrong in certain situations (cf. Wiesmann et al 2022). The argument, in fact, is the so-called ghetto argument: schools should teach children the standard language variety because otherwise they would prevent children from achieving their potential, i.e.…”

Section: Linguistic Misconceptions Superstitions Ideologies and The S...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The current state and main problems of Hungarian native language education

Jánk

2024

ALing

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The paper aims to present the current state, problems, challenges and opportunities of Hungarian native language education. It does so as a tribute to the memory and oeuvre of László Kálmán, who passed away in 2021, and as a way of preserving his approach characterized by a critical approach, but also by a focus on possible solutions. On the one hand, the study outlines the goals and tasks of native language education, including language teaching, drawing heavily on the concept of communicative competence as defined and represented by László Kálmán (see e.g. Kálmán 2010; Kálmán & Molnár 2009). On the other hand, the current state of native language education is described in the light of this framework. In addition to the current regulation of the content of native language education, the study will also describe the current situation with regard to the available teaching aids and textbooks. In this context, and partly independently of it, the paper will examine the question of what major areas of native language education need to be changed and what opportunities are available in this respect.

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Choice Reminder Modulates Choice-Induced Preference Change in Older Adults

Huang¹,

Li²,

2022

The Journals of Gerontology: Series B

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Objectives Choices not only reflect preference but also shape preference. The choice-induced preference change (CIPC) occurs when making a decision modifies people’s attitudes about the options. When people rate a series of items and then must choose between two items rated as equally attractive, they later rate the unchosen item as less attractive than before. One explanation is that the choice and the equal preference for two options cause a psychological discomfort known as cognitive dissonance, which can be reduced by changing the preference. The current study aims to investigate the age-related differences in the CIPC effect, and how explicit reminder of the previous choice modulates this effect. Method Using an artifact-controlled free-choice paradigm, with a sample of 79 younger and 76 older participants, we manipulated the choice reminder in two experiments. Results We found that compared with young adults, older adults are less susceptible to CIPC when their previous choices were not explicitly reminded. After boosting the salience of choice-preference incongruency by reminding participants of their previous choices, older adults showed comparable CIPC as young adults did. Discussion Our results suggest that older adults tend to downweigh the information that leads to cognitive dissonance and use this strategy only when such information is relatively implicit. The diminished CIPC in older adults could be one of the emotional regulation strategies that older adults engage in to maintain positive emotional states when making difficult decisions.

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Cognitive dissonance from 2 years of age: Toddlers', but not infants', blind choices induce preferences

Cited by 4 publications

References 47 publications

From other-reference to a self-reference effect – Reversal of the classic memory bias in human infants

From other-reference to a self-reference effect – Reversal of the classic memory bias in human infants

The current state and main problems of Hungarian native language education

Choice Reminder Modulates Choice-Induced Preference Change in Older Adults

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