Cognitive disorganisation in schizotypy is associated with deterioration in visual backward masking

Cappe, Céline; Herzog, Michael H.; Herzig, Daniela; Brand, Andreas; Möhr, Christine

doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.07.001

Cited by 41 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 103 publications

(154 reference statements)

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“…30 More specifically, deterioration in visual backward masking was found to be associated with schizotypy in a sample of late adolescence/early adulthood students, specifically with cognitive disorganization. 31 In a similar vein, the sensorimotor gating function of prepulse inhibition, thought to reach adult-like levels around 8 years old, 32 has not only been associated with gating deficits in schizophrenia, but has also been shown to be impaired in nonclinical youths at high genetic risk for developing schizophrenia. 33 This wealth of reports has been collated in scientific reviews, emphasizing significant superposition in endophenotypical impairments when drawing comparison between nonclinical youth samples recruited on the basis of schizotypal expression to samples of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia.…”

Section: Schizotypy: a Developmental Vehicle Towards Emerging Psychopmentioning

confidence: 99%

Schizotypy From a Developmental Perspective

Debbané¹,

Barrantes‐Vidal²

2014

Schizophrenia Bulletin

116

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The schizotypy construct focuses attention on the liability to develop schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, yet traditionally, the schizotypy models have put more emphasis on stress-vulnerability interactions rather than developmental dynamics of emerging risk for psychopathology. Indeed, developmental accounts of this emerging personality trait have rarely been explicitly formulated. In this position article, we wish to convey some of the basic developmental tenets of schizotypy, and how they can inform high-risk research. Firstly, we tackle the state vs trait issue to outline the possible relationship between high-risk states and trait schizotypy. Second, we review the evidence suggesting that the consolidation of schizotypy, encompassing its 3 main dimensions, could be considered as a developmental mediator between very early risk factors and transition into highrisk states. Importantly, developmental dynamics between endophenotypes, as well as transactional and epigenetics mechanisms should enter modern conceptualizations of schizotypy. Finally, we present a developmental psychopathology perspective of schizotypy sensitive to both the multifinality and equifinality of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. We conclude that schizotypy represents a crucial construct in a fully-developmental study of schizophreniaspectrum disorders.

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Section: Schizotypy: a Developmental Vehicle Towards Emerging Psychopmentioning

confidence: 99%

Schizotypy From a Developmental Perspective

Debbané¹,

Barrantes‐Vidal²

2014

Schizophrenia Bulletin

116

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“…Visual abnormalities in relation to schizotypy are already evident at early stages of processing, beginning with abnormal P1 20,21 , backward-masking, 22 localization, 23 and depth perception. 24 Schizotypy has also been associated with pervasive problems of perceptual organization.…”

Section: Perceptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…20,30 However, healthy individuals with elevated schizotypal traits are able to access compensatory mechanisms to achieve intact performance across a wide range of tasks. 20 Impaired early visual processing has been associated with overall elevated schizotypal traits, 20 but also more specifically with the level of cognitive disorganization 22,31 and with the positive syndrome. 23 Sensory processing abnormalities are also consistently observed in the auditory domain.…”

Section: Perceptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognition and Brain Function in Schizotypy: A Selective Review

Ettinger

Möhr

Gooding

et al. 2015

Schizophrenia Bulletin

212

184

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Schizotypy refers to a set of personality traits thought to reflect the subclinical expression of the signs and symptoms of schizophrenia. Here, we review the cognitive and brain functional profile associated with high questionnaire scores in schizotypy. We discuss empirical evidence from the domains of perception, attention, memory, imagery and representation, language, and motor control. Perceptual deficits occur early and across various modalities. While the neural mechanisms underlying visual impairments may be linked to magnocellular dysfunction, further effects may be seen downstream in higher cognitive functions. Cognitive deficits are observed in inhibitory control, selective and sustained attention, incidental learning, and memory. In concordance with the cognitive nature of many of the aberrations of schizotypy, higher levels of schizotypy are associated with enhanced vividness and better performance on tasks of mental rotation. Language deficits seem most pronounced in higher-level processes. Finally, higher levels of schizotypy are associated with reduced performance on oculomotor tasks, resembling the impairments seen in schizophrenia. Some of these deficits are accompanied by reduced brain activation, akin to the pattern of hypoactivations in schizophrenia spectrum individuals. We conclude that schizotypy is a construct with apparent phenomenological overlap with schizophrenia and stable interindividual differences that covary with performance on a wide range of perceptual, cognitive, and motor tasks known to be impaired in schizophrenia. The importance of these findings lies not only in providing a fine-grained neurocognitive characterization of a personality constellation known to be associated with real-life impairments, but also in generating hypotheses concerning the aetiology of schizophrenia.

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“…Persons with high schizotypy show subtle deficits in range of cognitive and motor domains reminiscent of those seen (though more pronounced) in schizophrenia (Ettinger et al, 2015). Non-clinical samples with high expression of schizotypy, or even schizotypal personality disorder, in fact show some brain functional alterations: This includes, among others, cognitive deficits in basic visual processing such as visual backward masking (Cappe et al, 2012), as well as attention (SchmidtHansen and Honey, 2014), and working memory (Chun et al, 2013;Smith and Lenzenweger, 2013). Functional imaging studies also corroborate this spectrum model, showing activation changes in high schizotypy (non-clinical) subjects in tasks sensitive to dopaminergic modulation (Aichert et al, 2012;Ettinger et al, 2013), as well as a direct link between the disorganisation dimension of schizotypy and striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptors (Chen et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%