Cognitive Changes Associated With Congenital Hypothyroidism: A Literature Review

Abstract

Objectives: Investigate cognitive changes associated with congenital hypothyroidism, understanding the mechanisms, impact on cognitive development and possible therapeutic interventions. Methodology: Bibliographic review study nthe PubMed and Scielo databases using the descriptors "congenital AND cognitive hypothyroidism". Of the 127 articles found, 21 met the inclusion criteria, published between 2013 The 2023.Results: The different types of studies analyzed point to iodine deficiency, thyroid dysgenesis and thyroid dyshormonogenesis as common causes of congenital hypothyroidism (CH). Genetic analyzes identified variants in the IGSF1, TBL1X and IRS4 genes associated with HC. As for the underlying mechanisms, thyroid hormone deficiency affects brain formation and white matter, with abnormalities and cognitive problems. In addition, neuropathological changes are observed, with possible repercussions on development and behavioral expression. With regard to cognitive changes, HC affects specific skills at different stages of development. Patients may have deficits in motor skills, language, attention, and memory, Treatment with levothyroxine is fundamental in CH, preventing intellectual disability. The initial dose of 10-15 mg/kg/day, adherence to treatment and continuous monitoring are essential. Final considerations: Investigating the cognitive alterations and mechanisms of congenital hypothyroidism is crucial to ensure adequate child development. Hormone replacement is of paramount importance in preventing intellectual deficit, promoting healthy physical and mental growth.