Cognitive Behavioral Development in Children Following Maternal Postpartum Depression: A Review Article

Abstract

Mothers’ constitute is a very important part of infants’ social environment and mediate their experience with the surrounding world. Postpartum depression, which is considered one of the most common and important psychiatric disorders, affects 10–15% of mothers, its causes are different. By investigating various sources, some effects of this disorder have been observed on the cognitive development of children, particularly among boys, such as language, intelligence quotient (IQ), and behavioral problems. Thus, it is imperative to study the effects of postpartum depression on children’s growth and development and to identify methods of reducing these effects. This review indicates that postpartum depression in mothers reduces children’s cognitive performance. The adverse effects of postpartum depression on children’s development seem to be mediated by the mother’s interpersonal behavior and the infant gender. The review of previous studies shows that postpartum depression reduces children’s cognitive performance by impairing maternal mental and behavioral care.

“There's no acknowledgement of what this does to people”: A qualitative exploration of mental health among parents of children with critical congenital heart defects

“…Consistent with the quantitative (Woolf‐King et al., ) and qualitative (Sjostrom‐Strand & Terp, ) literature discussed previously, symptoms of anxiety, depression and trauma were mentioned throughout the interviews and were reported as most acute during diagnosis, hospital stays associated with cardiac surgery and the transition from hospital to home. The isolation, fear and hypervigilance that characterises the time leading up to, and immediately following, cardiac surgery has the potential to become chronic, increasing the risk for adverse developmental outcomes among children (Lyons‐Ruth et al., ; McPeak et al., ; Mirhosseini et al., ; Tronick & Reck, ). Connecting these parents to care at key points in the treatment process (e.g., upon diagnosis, during hospital stays) would thus not only alleviate mental health symptoms among a high‐risk group, it may also be an important part of the child's CHD treatment, mitigating the well‐documented increase in risk children with CHD have for behavioural, social and emotional difficulties long term (McCusker et al., ; Shillingford et al., ).…”

“…The isolation, fear and hypervigilance that characterises the time leading up to, and immediately following, cardiac surgery has the potential to become chronic, increasing the risk for adverse developmental outcomes among children (Lyons-Ruth et al, 2000;McPeak et al, 2015;Mirhosseini et al, 2015;Tronick & Reck, 2009). Connecting these parents to care at key points in the treatment process (e.g., upon diagnosis, during hospital stays) would thus not only alleviate mental health symptoms among a high-risk group, it may also be an important part of the child's CHD treatment, mitigating the well-documented increase in risk children with CHD have for behavioural, social and emotional difficulties long term (McCusker et al, 2013;Shillingford et al, 2008).…”

“…Data suggest that this risk is partially attributable to parental mental health, which has been shown to be a stronger predictor of long‐term behavioural problems in CHD children than disease‐specific and surgical factors (e.g., time spent on cardiopulmonary bypass, cyanotic vs. acyanotic defect; McCusker et al., ). It is well established that compromised parental mental health can lead to long‐term cognitive and behavioural problems in healthy children (Lyons‐Ruth, Wolfe, & Lyubchik, ; McPeak, Sandrock, Spector, & Pattishall, ; Mirhosseini et al., ; Tronick & Reck, ), and several theories have been articulated over the last 40 years to explain how parenting stress, parental mental health and child development are related (e.g., Abidin, ; McCubbin & Patternson, ). According to Abidin and Burke's () theoretical model of parenting stress, compromised parental mental health can disrupt parent–child attachment, increase dysfunctional parenting behaviours and result in maladaptive child outcomes.…”

Evaluation of Major Psychiatric Disorders in Patients in Rafsanjan, Iran, with Acne Vulgaris

“…1967, was the first and is still the most widely used tool in clinical research to measure the severity of anxiety symptoms (14). This scale consists of 14 sections, each containing a series of symptoms related to anxiety.…”

“…This is an open access article under CC BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/imminv.v2i4. 13 Furthermore, stress can worsen the symptoms of these diseases (7). Depression is a major psychiatric disorder that is common among people with skin conditions such as urticaria, acne, itching, and psoriasis.…”