Cognitive and motor shifting aptitude disorder in Parkinson's disease.

Cools, Alexander R.; Bercken, J H van den; Horstink, M.W.I.M.; Spaendonck, K P van; Berger, Hans

doi:10.1136/jnnp.47.5.443

Cited by 353 publications

(152 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(8 reference statements)

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“…Although PFC, ACC, and PPC are regularly reported to participate in task switching (21), the role of subcortical brain regions, especially the BG, has been less understood. On one hand, neurodegenerative diseases impairing dopamine function in the BG have been associated with setshifting deficits, as observed in Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases (22)(23)(24)(25). Moreover, administration of dopaminergic drugs, particularly those acting on D2 receptors in the BG, can improve flexibility (17,26,27).…”

Section: Cognitive Flexibility Predicted By Pretrial Fmri Signalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural predictors of moment-to-moment fluctuations in cognitive flexibility

Leber

Turk‐Browne

Chun

2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

158

152

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Cognitive flexibility is a crucial human ability allowing efficient adaptation to changing task challenges. Although a person's degree of flexibility can vary from moment to moment, the conditions regulating such fluctuations are not well understood. Using a task-switching procedure with fMRI, we found several brain regions in which neural activity preceding each trial predicted subsequent cognitive flexibility. Specifically, as pretrial activity increased, performance improved on trials when the task switched but did not improve when the task repeated. Regions from which flexibility could be predicted reliably included the basal ganglia, anterior cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex, and posterior parietal cortex. Although further analysis revealed similarities across the regions in how flexibility was predicted, results supported the existence of multiple independent sources of prediction. These results reveal distinct neural mechanisms underlying fluctuations in cognitive flexibility.basal ganglia ͉ fMRI ͉ task switching ͉ cognitive control J uggling several tasks at once, or multitasking, is a fact of everyday life and becomes increasingly salient with the growing use of products such as mobile telephones, wireless e-mail devices, and portable music players. Given the wide array of tasks people successfully pack into their daily routines, the capacity to multitask is among the most remarkable endowments of the human mind. Nevertheless, this capacity, known as ''cognitive flexibility,'' does come at a cost: empirical investigations of task switching consistently show that performance upon switching to a new task is slower and more error prone than performance when repeating a task (1-3). These behavioral costs are difficult to avoid even when subjects are given ample time to prepare for the upcoming task (1, 3), but variations in the size of this switch cost have been observed within experimental sessions (4, 5), suggesting that an individual's flexibility can fluctuate from moment to moment.Unfortunately, it is unclear how fluctuations in flexibility can be predicted, although such knowledge would carry considerable value. From a practical standpoint, for instance, productivity could be maximized by reserving multitasking activities for known periods of high flexibility and scheduling single-task activities for periods of low flexibility. From a theoretical standpoint, identifying the predictors of cognitive flexibility could facilitate a deeper understanding of the mechanisms governing cognitive control.In this study, we used fMRI to predict cognitive flexibility. Because fMRI is noninvasive and imposes minimal additional task demands on subjects, it potentially can reveal variations in flexibility with negligible interference to the task-switching procedure.Our particular aim was to learn if brain activity preceding task cues could predict task-switching performance. Probing before the cue, when the task to be performed has not yet been revealed to subjects, distinguishes our work from previous studies that...

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Section: Cognitive Flexibility Predicted By Pretrial Fmri Signalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural predictors of moment-to-moment fluctuations in cognitive flexibility

Leber

Turk‐Browne

Chun

2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

158

152

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“…Changes in dopamine levels may also cause age-related changes in cognitive £exibility. This is suggested by the fact that patients with Parkinson's disease (a disorder associated with a loss of cells in the substantia nigra and a severe decline in dopamine levels) have cognitive de¢cits that have variably been described as`mental in£exibility' (Lees & Smith 1983), a disorder of the`shifting attitude' (Cools et al 1984), aǹ instability of cognitive set' (Flowers & Robertson 1985) and di¤culty with`set formation, maintenance and shifting' (Taylor et al 1987). An age-related functional loss of dopamine has been demonstrated in monkeys (Arnsten et al 1994), making it possible to study this hypothesis in non-human primates.…”

Section: Ag E -R E L At E D C H a Ng E S I N B R A I N St Ruc T U R Ementioning

confidence: 99%

The ageing brain: normal and abnormal memory

Albert

1997

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

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With advancing age, the majority of individuals experience declines in their ability to learn and remember. An examination of brain structure and function in healthy older persons across the age range indicates that there are substantial changes in the brain that appear to be related to alterations in memory. The nature of the cognitive and neurobiological alterations associated with age-related change is substantially di¡erent from that seen in the early stages of a dementing illness, such as Alzheimer's disease. These di¡erences have implications for potential intervention strategies. I N T RODUC T IO NChanges in memory occur with age, but memory changes are also the earliest cognitive change seen in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent studies indicate that there is a considerable di¡erence between the nature of the memory changes in ageing and in AD and the underlying neurobiology responsible for those changes. The present paper will review the changes in memory seen in healthy individuals across the age range and those that appear to characterize the early stages of AD, along with their neurobiologic correlates.

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“…The basal ganglia (BG) are important for set-shifting (Cools et al, 1984). For example, patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) are impaired when required to switch between movement sequences (Benecke et al, 1987;Harrington and Haaland, 1991;Hayes et al, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased Dependence of Action Selection on Recent Motor History in Parkinson's Disease

Helmich

Aarts²,

Lange³

et al. 2009

J. Neurosci.

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It is well known that the basal ganglia are involved in switching between movement sequences. Here we test the hypothesis that this contribution is an instance of a more general role of the basal ganglia in selecting actions that deviate from the context defined by the recent motor history, even when there is no sequential structure to learn or implement. We investigated the effect of striatal dopamine depletion [in Parkinson's disease (PD)] on the ability to switch between independent action plans. PD patients with markedly lateralized signs performed a hand laterality judgment task that involved action selection of their most and least affected hand. Trials where patients selected the same (repeat) or the alternative (switch) hand as in a previous trial were compared, and this was done separately for the most and least affected hand. Behaviorally, PD patients showed switch-costs that were specific to the most affected hand and that increased with disease severity. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) showed that this behavioral effect was related to the state of the frontostriatal system: as disease severity increased, contributions of the basal ganglia to the selection process and their effective connectivity with the medial frontal cortex (MFC) decreased, whereas involvement of the MFC increased. We conclude that the basal ganglia are important for rapidly switching toward novel motor plans even when there is no sequential structure to learn or implement. The enhanced MFC activity may result either from reduced focusing abilities of the basal ganglia or from compensatory processes.

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Cognitive and motor shifting aptitude disorder in Parkinson's disease.

Cited by 353 publications

References 27 publications

Neural predictors of moment-to-moment fluctuations in cognitive flexibility

Neural predictors of moment-to-moment fluctuations in cognitive flexibility

The ageing brain: normal and abnormal memory

Increased Dependence of Action Selection on Recent Motor History in Parkinson's Disease

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