Cognitive and mood improvements of caffeine in habitual consumers and habitual non-consumers of caffeine

Haskell, Crystal F.; Kennedy, David O.; Wesnes, Keith; Scholey, Andrew

doi:10.1007/s00213-004-2104-3

Cited by 299 publications

(257 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(46 reference statements)

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“…Evidence in support of this comes from pretreatment salivary caffeine concentrations measured in two of the studies. The mean concentrations were 0.11 mg/ml (Childs and de Wit, 2006) and 0.36 mg/ml (Haskell et al, 2005). The corresponding results for the N and L groups in this study, after exclusion of 15 individuals with values 40.2 mg/ml (see above), were 0.014 and 0.024 mg/ml, indicating much lower dietary caffeine intakes in these participants.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 49%

“…The corresponding results for the N and L groups in this study, after exclusion of 15 individuals with values 40.2 mg/ml (see above), were 0.014 and 0.024 mg/ml, indicating much lower dietary caffeine intakes in these participants. Indeed, the value reported by Haskell et al (2005) is twice of that of the present M group (0.18 mg/ml). It would seem, therefore, that data on caffeine intake can prove an unreliable guide to consumer status.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 46%

“…In several previous studies, participants who were classified variously as 'infrequent caffeine users', 'light, nondependent caffeine users', and 'nonconsumers', based on their self-reported intake of caffeine-containing drinks and foodstuffs, have been found to respond to caffeine vs placebo with increased alertness and improved cognitive performance (Alsene et al, 2003;Childs and de Wit, 2006;Haskell et al, 2005;Rogers et al, 2003). Although the studies differ in various ways, the discrepancy between these results and those of this study could be explained if these groups included at least some participants who nonetheless habitually consumed significant amounts of caffeine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association of the Anxiogenic and Alerting Effects of Caffeine with ADORA2A and ADORA1 Polymorphisms and Habitual Level of Caffeine Consumption

Rogers

Hohoff

Heatherley

et al. 2010

Neuropsychopharmacol

187

141

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Caffeine, a widely consumed adenosine A 1 and A 2A receptor antagonist, is valued as a psychostimulant, but it is also anxiogenic. An association between a variant within the ADORA2A gene (rs5751876) and caffeine-induced anxiety has been reported for individuals who habitually consume little caffeine. This study investigated whether this single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) might also affect habitual caffeine intake, and whether habitual intake might moderate the anxiogenic effect of caffeine. Participants were 162 non-/low (NL) and 217 medium/high (MH) caffeine consumers. In a randomized, double-blind, parallel groups design they rated anxiety, alertness, and headache before and after 100 mg caffeine and again after another 150 mg caffeine given 90 min later, or after placebo on both occasions. Caffeine intake was prohibited for 16 h before the first dose of caffeine/placebo. Results showed greater susceptibility to caffeine-induced anxiety, but not lower habitual caffeine intake (indeed coffee intake was higher), in the rs5751876 TT genotype group, and a reduced anxiety response in MH vs NL participants irrespective of genotype. Apart from the almost completely linked ADORA2A SNP rs3761422, no other of eight ADORA2A and seven ADORA1 SNPs studied were found to be clearly associated with effects of caffeine on anxiety, alertness, or headache. Placebo administration in MH participants decreased alertness and increased headache. Caffeine did not increase alertness in NL participants. With frequent consumption, substantial tolerance develops to the anxiogenic effect of caffeine, even in genetically susceptible individuals, but no net benefit for alertness is gained, as caffeine abstinence reduces alertness and consumption merely returns it to baseline.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 49%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 46%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association of the Anxiogenic and Alerting Effects of Caffeine with ADORA2A and ADORA1 Polymorphisms and Habitual Level of Caffeine Consumption

Rogers

Hohoff

Heatherley

et al. 2010

Neuropsychopharmacol

187

141

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“…Likewise, in a study comparing 24 non consumers (20 mg/day) to 24 consumers of caffeine (217 mg/day), there was no baseline difference between group performances. Caffeine improved numeric working memory reaction time and sentence verification accuracy; alertness was also increased, but in general caffeine tended to improve more the performance in non consumers [80].…”

Section: Influence Of the History Of Caffeine Consumptionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Is Caffeine a Cognitive Enhancer?

Nehlig

2010

JAD

309

252

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Abstract. The effects of caffeine on cognition were reviewed based on the large body of literature available on the topic. Caffeine does not usually affect performance in learning and memory tasks, although caffeine may occasionally have facilitatory or inhibitory effects on memory and learning. Caffeine facilitates learning in tasks in which information is presented passively; in tasks in which material is learned intentionally, caffeine has no effect. Caffeine facilitates performance in tasks involving working memory to a limited extent, but hinders performance in tasks that heavily depend on working memory, and caffeine appears to rather improve memory performance under suboptimal alertness conditions. Most studies, however, found improvements in reaction time. The ingestion of caffeine does not seem to affect long-term memory. At low doses, caffeine improves hedonic tone and reduces anxiety, while at high doses, there is an increase in tense arousal, including anxiety, nervousness, jitteriness. The larger improvement of performance in fatigued subjects confirms that caffeine is a mild stimulant. Caffeine has also been reported to prevent cognitive decline in healthy subjects but the results of the studies are heterogeneous, some finding no age-related effect while others reported effects only in one sex and mainly in the oldest population. In conclusion, it appears that caffeine cannot be considered a 'pure' cognitive enhancer. The indirect action of caffeine on arousal, mood and concentration contributes in large part to its cognitive enhancing properties.

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“…In addition, psychostimulants, such as caffeine, are usually thought of as nootropics [e.g. 15,26,49]. This folklore is exemplified by the advertisement campaign of the original Coca-Cola that contained cocaine, declaring it "the brain tonic and intellectual sodafountain beverage" [51].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cocaine and Pavlovian fear conditioning: Dose–effect analysis

Wood

Fay

Sage

et al. 2007

Behavioural Brain Research

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Emerging evidence suggests that cocaine and other drugs of abuse can interfere with many aspects of cognitive functioning. The authors examined the effects of 0.1 -15 mg/kg of cocaine on Pavlovian contextual and cued fear conditioning in mice. As expected, pre-training cocaine dose-dependently produced hyperactivity and disrupted freezing. Surprisingly, when the mice were tested off-drug later, the group pre-treated with a moderate dose of cocaine (15 mg/kg) displayed significantly less contextual and cued memory, compared to saline control animals. Conversely, mice pre-treated with a very low dose of cocaine (0.1 mg/kg) showed significantly enhanced fear memory for both context and tone, compared to controls. These results were not due to cocaine's anesthetic effects, as shock reactivity was unaffected by cocaine. The data suggest that despite cocaine's reputation as a performance-enhancing and anxiogenic drug, this effect is seen only at very low doses, whereas a moderate dose disrupts hippocampus and amygdala-dependent fear conditioning. KeywordsHippocampus; Amygdala; Freezing; Memory A growing body of evidence supports the view that drugs of abuse interfere with many aspects of cognitive functioning. For example, cocaine use has been linked to deficits in such cognitive areas as attention, cognitive flexibility, and short-term and working memory [34,43]. However, these findings in humans are controversial as cocaine use is naturally confounded with many other variables [e.g. 23, 27, 31]. Some studies, in fact, provide evidence for enhancement of certain cognitive abilities in cocaine users [e.g. 27, 50]. Relatively few studies in animals have examined the effects of cocaine on learning outside of the realm of addiction (e.g. selfadministration, place preference, sensitization). Indeed, several studies have focused on the mechanisms underlying addiction, including structural plasticity [see 41 for review], but few have examined the acute, behavioral effects of cocaine in rodents on simple learning and memory paradigms. We believe that most researchers implicitly assume, as we once did, that cocaine, as a psychostimulant, would naturally enhance learning and memory. However, evidence now exists linking cocaine use with specific cognitive deficits [5,25,34,43] as well as with general problems such as unemployment [35]. Moreover, a view has emerged that addictive drugs such as cocaine may work by taking control of critical reinforcement-related learning and memory circuits in the brain [28]. If cocaine modulates such circuits, then it may 1 Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Suzanne C. Wood,

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Cognitive and mood improvements of caffeine in habitual consumers and habitual non-consumers of caffeine

Abstract: These results do not support a withdrawal alleviation model. Differences in the patterns of responses to caffeine by habitual consumers and habitual non-consumers may go some way to explaining why some individuals become caffeine consumers.

Cited by 299 publications

References 29 publications

Association of the Anxiogenic and Alerting Effects of Caffeine with ADORA2A and ADORA1 Polymorphisms and Habitual Level of Caffeine Consumption

Association of the Anxiogenic and Alerting Effects of Caffeine with ADORA2A and ADORA1 Polymorphisms and Habitual Level of Caffeine Consumption

Is Caffeine a Cognitive Enhancer?

Cocaine and Pavlovian fear conditioning: Dose–effect analysis

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