Cognitive and metacognitive determinants of eyewitness memory accuracy over time

Shapira, Anat; Pansky, Ainat

doi:10.1007/s11409-019-09206-7

Cited by 12 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…In contrast, input-bound accuracy corresponds to the proportion of correct answers among the answers to the entire set of questions. High output-bound accuracy is essential in eyewitness testimony where witnesses choose what information to provide (Koriat & Goldsmith, 1996;Shapira & Pansky, 2019;Weber & Perfect, 2012). It is also crucial for the various educational settings where students answer questions.…”

Section: Withholding Answersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metacognitive control processes in question answering: help seeking and withholding answers

Undorf

Livneh

Ackerman

2021

Metacognition Learning

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When responding to knowledge questions, people monitor their confidence in the knowledge they retrieve from memory and strategically regulate their responses so as to provide answers that are both correct and informative. The current study investigated the association between subjective confidence and the use of two response strategies: seeking help and withholding answers by responding “I don’t know”. Seeking help has been extensively studied as a resource management strategy in self-regulated learning, but has been largely neglected in metacognition research. In contrast, withholding answers has received less attention in educational studies than in metacognition research. Across three experiments, we compared the relationship between subjective confidence and strategy use in conditions where participants could choose between submitting answers and seeking help, between submitting and withholding answers, or between submitting answers, seeking help, and withholding answers. Results consistently showed that the association between confidence and help seeking was weaker than that between confidence and withholding answers. This difference was found for participants from two different populations, remained when participants received monetary incentives for accurate answers, and replicated across two forms of help. Our findings suggest that seeking help is guided by a wider variety of considerations than withholding answers, with some considerations going beyond improving the immediate accuracy of one’s answers. We discuss implications for research on metacognition and regarding question answering in educational and other contexts.

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Section: Withholding Answersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metacognitive control processes in question answering: help seeking and withholding answers

Undorf

Livneh

Ackerman

2021

Metacognition Learning

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“…The main objective of this research was to examine the reliability of episodic memory by varying the period of retention from the moment of initial observation of the event-incident to the moment of communicating what was actually observed and remembered. Based on the results of previous research (Pansky, 2012;Pansky et al, 2011;Pansky & Nemets, 2012;Shapira & Pansky, 2019), it can be expected that the number of details that respondents remember about the perceived event will decline over time, more precisely that the memory will decrease by varying the period of retention from the moment of initial observation of the event-incident, to the moment of communicating what was actually observed and remembered. The secondary aim of this research relates to examining certainty in the precision of memory over time, as well as correlations between the precision of memory and certainty in the precision of memory, with regard to observed events.…”

Section: Aims Of the Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interest in this theme continued in the 1970s, especially thanks to the work of American psychologist Elizabeth Loftus. Research carried out by Loftus and other researchers, especially psychologists (Blackwell-Young, 2008;Koriat et al, 2000;Loftus, 2003), raised greater awareness of the importance of wrong or inaccurate/incorrect memories and the potential consequences, especially in the context of testimony (Shapira & Pansky, 2019). What Loftus especially indicated was that starting from a wrong premise by which the eyewitness "recalled" from memory something which they had actually seen, in essence the eyewitness remembers a reconstructed performance, that is, their own reconstruction of the event, which can often be accompanied by certain errors (Loftus, 1975).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A witness statement can be accurate or inaccurate, both in total and in its individual segments. An inaccurate witness statement is sometimes the consequence of a deliberate lie about the target event (Vrij et al, 2017), while a wrong/mistaken statement can be the result of wrong perception, poor memory, or of a number of factors (Gustafsson et al, 2019), such as factors relating to the criminal incident itself (Bornstein et al, 2012), factors connected with the eyewitness (Deffenbacher et al, 2004;Pozzulo & Warren, 2003;Wise & Safer, 2004) and factors that come to light after a criminal incident (Morgan et al, 2013;Shapira & Pansky, 2019). Alongside many variables which influence the accuracy of an eyewitness statement (Blackwell-Young, 2008), eyewitnesses' memory depends to a large degree on the conditions in which their interview is carried out, the way in which they are interviewed, the way in which questions are formulated, the type and order in which questions are asked, but also from how much time has passed from the moment when the event was observed to the moment when the witness testified in the police or the prosecutor's office (Evans & Fisher, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The influence of the period of retention on the reliability of episodic memory in the context of testimony

Baić¹,

Oljača²,

Tasić³

2021

Nauka bezbednost policija

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The paper presents a study that aimed to examine the reliability of episodic memory by varying the retention time from the moment of initial observation of two incidents to the moment of communicating what was actually remembered. Ninety (90) students aged 21-26 from the University of Criminal Investigation and Police Studies participated in the research (50 males and 40 females). The interval of retention presented an independent variable on four levels: immediately after watching a recording, after 1 month, after 3 months and after 6 months. The accuracy of recall, or remembering one aspect of the incident (characteristics of the event, characteristics of the perpetrators and characteristics of the victim) was a dependent variable. Results suggest that memory accuracy declines dramatically after a month, but also after three and six months, when the downward trend in memory accuracy is less pronounced. Regarding the degree of confidence in memory accuracy, the pattern of results is practically identical to that of memory accuracy. As a whole, the results indicate that the retention interval strongly affects both accuracy and certainty in memory accuracy, regardless of the type of crime and the characteristics being evaluated.

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“…However, this may not be the case, as other research has demonstrated dissociations between first-order decisions (recognition judgments) and second-order decisions (confidence judgments;Del Cul et al, 2009;Hebart et al, 2016;Rounis et al, 2010). This is important, as memory confidence can decrease over time (Shapira & Pansky, 2019), leading to errors in memory reporting and poorer decision making. Neural stimulation of the prefrontal cortex has been shown to improve memory monitoring for general knowledge questions (Chua & Ahmed, 2016;Chua et al, 2017), and theta-burst stimulation to depress activity of the frontopolar cortex influenced meta-cognitive judgments (Ryals et al, 2016), suggesting tES techniques could be effective for improving and maintaining memory sensitivity for newly one-shot encoded episodes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Brain connectivity alterations during sleep by closed-loop transcranial neurostimulation predict metamemory sensitivity

Hubbard

Zadeh

Jones

et al. 2021

Network Neuroscience

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Meta-memory involves the ability to correctly judge the accuracy of our memories. The retrieval of memories can be improved using transcranial electrical brain stimulation (tES) during sleep, but evidence for improvements to meta-memory sensitivity is limited. Applying tES can enhance sleepdependent memory consolidation, which along with meta-memory requires the coordination of activity across distributed neural systems, suggesting that examining functional connectivity is important for understanding these processes. Nevertheless, little research has examined how functional connectivity modulations relate to overnight changes in meta-memory sensitivity. Here, we developed a closed-loop short-duration tES method, time-locked to up-states of ongoing slow-wave oscillations, to cue specific memory replays in humans. We measured electroencephalographic (EEG) coherence changes following stimulation pulses, and characterized network alterations with graph theoretic metrics. Using machine learning techniques, we show that pulsed tES elicited network changes in multiple frequency bands, including increased connectivity in the Theta band and increased efficiency in the Spindle band. Additionally, stimulation-induced changes in Beta band path length were predictive of overnight changes in meta-memory sensitivity. These findings add new insights into the growing literature investigating increases in memory performance through brain stimulation during sleep, and highlight the importance of examining functional connectivity to explain its effects.

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Cognitive and metacognitive determinants of eyewitness memory accuracy over time

Cited by 12 publications

References 71 publications

Metacognitive control processes in question answering: help seeking and withholding answers

Metacognitive control processes in question answering: help seeking and withholding answers

The influence of the period of retention on the reliability of episodic memory in the context of testimony

Brain connectivity alterations during sleep by closed-loop transcranial neurostimulation predict metamemory sensitivity

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