Cognitive and Brain Consequences of Conflict

Fan, Jin; Flombaum, Jonathan; McCandliss, Bruce D.; Thomas, Kathleen M.; Posner, Michael I.

doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1319

Cited by 622 publications

(511 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Growing evidence from studies of inhibition and interference tasks using non-emotional stimuli implicate the dACC in several aspects of attentional control (Botvinick et al, 2001;Crottaz-Herbette and Menon, 2006;Fan et al, 2003;Posner and Dahaene, 1994). Specifically, the dACC appears to be more active during attentional tasks that involve the navigation of competing stimuli, such as conflict monitoring (Botvinick et al, 2004;Egner et al, in press), error monitoring (Fassbender et al, 2004), and response inhibition (Weissman et al, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent attempts to distinguish between these processes have highlighted the dACC's role in conflict monitoring more specifically. That is, the dACC appears to be monitoring the presence of cognitive conflict and recruiting other prefrontal regions (such as DLPFC) to resolve this conflict when necessary (Botvinick et al, 2004;Fan et al, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association between trait emotional awareness and dorsal anterior cingulate activity during emotion is arousal-dependent

et al. 2008

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The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) is commonly thought to subserve primarily cognitive functions, but has been strongly implicated in the allocation of attention to emotional information. In a previous positron emission tomography (PET) study, we observed that women with higher emotional awareness as measured by the Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale (LEAS) showed greater changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in dACC induced by emotional films and recall. In the current study, we tested whether these effects were due to the processing of any nonneutral stimulus, or were specific to conditions of high emotional arousal. Our results extend the previous finding by demonstrating a positive correlation between emotional awareness and dACC activity only in the context of viewing highly arousing pictures. No such relationship was observed when comparing pleasant or unpleasant pictures to neutral or to each other. We also observed that the relationship between LEAS and dACC activity was present in both sexes but stronger in women than men. These results reinforce the concept that greater trait awareness of one's own emotional experiences is associated with greater engagement of the dACC during emotional arousal, which we suggest may reflect greater attentional processing of emotional information.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between trait emotional awareness and dorsal anterior cingulate activity during emotion is arousal-dependent

et al. 2008

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“…In the present meta-analysis, we included only those studies that explored activations in the standard color-word Stroop task. Several of the 75 experiments were eliminated as they included data acquired on non-Stroop tasks such as the Flanker task and the Simon task [Derbyshire et al, 1998;Fan et al, 2003;Peterson et al, 2002]. This restriction also eliminated variations of the Stroop task such as the emotional Stroop [Isenberg et al, 1999;George et al, 1994;Whalen et al, 1998], the counting Stroop [Bantick et al, 2002;Bush et al, 1998], and other variations of the Stroop task [de Zubicaray et al, 2001;Milham et al, 2003].…”

Section: Selection Of Conditions and Contrastsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of label‐based review and ALE meta‐analysis in the Stroop task

Laird

McMillan²,

Lancaster

et al. 2005

Human Brain Mapping

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Meta-analysis is an important tool for interpreting results of functional neuroimaging studies and is highly influential in predicting and testing new outcomes. Although traditional label-based review can be used to search for agreement across multiple studies, a new functionlocation meta-analysis technique called activation likelihood estimation (ALE) offers great improvements over conventional methods. In ALE, reported foci are modeled as Gaussian functions and pooled to create a statistical whole-brain image. ALE meta-analysis and the label-based review were used to investigate the Stroop task in normal subjects, a paradigm known for its effect of producing conflict and response inhibition due to subjects' tendency to perform word reading as opposed to color naming. Both methods yielded similar activation patterns that were dominated by response in the anterior cingulate and the inferior frontal gyrus. ALE showed greater involvement of the anterior cingulate as compared to that in the label-based technique; however, this was likely due to the increased spatial level of distinction allowed with the ALE method. With ALE, further analysis of the anterior cingulate revealed evidence for somatotopic mapping within the rostral and caudal cingulate zones, an issue that has been the source of some conflict in previous reviews of the anterior cingulate cortex. Hum Brain Mapp 25:6 -21, 2005.

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“…Similarly, molecular genetics studies have found that spatial working memory and verbal working memory have different molecular genetic bases (Jansen et al, 2009). Along the same line, although the ANT and the Stroop task both assess the executive control of attention, they have different neural bases (Fan et al, 2003), attention processing (Chajut et al, 2009), and heritability (Breton et al, 2011). These may be reasons for the different association results found in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…The attention network test (ANT) uses arrows pointing to the left or the right as stimuli, so it is believed to reflect the spatial conflict effect (Fan et al, 2003). More detailed descriptions of the design of this task can be found elsewhere (Fan et al, 2002).…”

Section: Cognitive Tasksmentioning

confidence: 99%