Cognition and Global Assessment of Functioning in Male and Female Outpatients With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders

Karilampi, Ulla; Helldin, Lars; Archer, Trevor

doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e318221413e

Cited by 27 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…A recent meta-analysis examining cognition in first-episode psychosis concluded that the degree of cognitive change over time tends to be similar in cases and controls (Bozikas and Andreou, 2011). Although other studies have shown an association between cognition and indexes of everyday functioning (Green et al, 2000, 2004, 2006), including the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF; Karilampi et al, 2011), we found no significant association between patient GAF scores and cognitive ability. This null finding may reflect the relatively small number of studies reporting GAF data in our sample (K = 11) or the mixture of symptom severity with everyday functioning in GAF ratings.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

The global cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: Consistent over decades and around the world

Schaefer

Giangrande

Weinberger

et al. 2013

Schizophrenia Research

512

335

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Objective Schizophrenia results in cognitive impairments as well as positive, negative, and disorganized symptomatology. The present study examines the extent to which these cognitive deficits are generalized across domains, potential moderator variables, and whether the pattern of cognitive findings reported in schizophrenia has remained consistent over time and across cultural and geographic variation. Method Relevant publications from 2006 to 2011 were identified through keyword searches in Pubmed and an examination of reference lists. Studies were included if they (1) compared the cognitive performance of adult schizophrenia patients and healthy controls, (2) based schizophrenia diagnoses on contemporary diagnostic criteria, (3) reported information sufficient to permit effect size calculation, (4) were reported in English, and (5) reported data for neuropsychological tests falling into at least 3 distinct cognitive domains. A set of 100 non-overlapping studies was identified, and effect sizes (Hedge’s g) were calculated for each cognitive variable. Results Consistent with earlier analyses, patients with schizophrenia scored significantly lower than controls across all cognitive tests and domains (grand mean effect size, g = −1.03). Patients showed somewhat larger impairments in the domains of processing speed (g = −1.25) and episodic memory (g = −1.23). Our results also showed few inconsistencies when grouped by geographic region. Conclusions The present study extends findings from 1980–2006 of a substantial, generalized cognitive impairment in schizophrenia, demonstrating that this finding has remained robust over time despite changes in assessment instruments and alterations in diagnostic criteria, and that it manifests similarly in different regions of the world despite linguistic and cultural differences.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

The global cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: Consistent over decades and around the world

Schaefer

Giangrande

Weinberger

et al. 2013

Schizophrenia Research

512

335

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…These results are comparable to the scores found in other studies that have used the GAF to assess functioning in schizophrenia patients 56,57 . As has been previously described in schizophrenia 12,13 the mean scores of our patient sample for all MCCB cognitive domains were between one and two standard deviations below the population mean (T = 50).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Neurocognition, social cognition and functional outcome in schizophrenia

et al. 2014

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SPAINABSTRACT -Background and Objectives: A relationship has been found between cognition and functioning in patients with schizophrenia. Our objective was to study the relationship between the cognitive domains assessed by the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB), and functioning as evaluated using the functioning subscale of the Global Assessment of Functioning scale (GAF-f).Methods: A sample of 83 clinically stable outpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia according to DSM-IV criteria were assessed using the MCCB and the GAF-f. Pearson correlations and stepwise linear regression analyses were performed.Results: Correlation analysis between the GAF-f and the cognitive domains of the MCCB showed a significant relationship between functioning and all of the cognitive domains. Regression yielded a statistically significant model (F 2,74 = 20.4, p < 0.001) in which functioning was related to Speed of processing (standardized β = 0.369, p = 0.001) and to Social cognition (standardized β = 0.325, p = 0.003). Together, these two variables explained 33.8% of the variance of functioning.Conclusions: Both speed of processing and social cognition have an important association with functioning in patients with schizophrenia.

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“…In the study by Karilampi et al [59], better cognitive function was predicted by higher psychosocial functioning levels in males but by lower symptom levels in females, suggesting a slight difference between women and men in the domains relating to cognitive function, which need to be taken into account.…”

Section: Cognitive Functioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Differences in Schizophrenia and First-Episode Psychosis: A Comprehensive Literature Review

Ochoa

Usall

Cobo

et al. 2012

Schizophrenia Research and Treatment

504

419

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Recent studies have begun to look at gender differences in schizophrenia and first-episode psychosis in an attempt to explain the heterogeneity of the illness. However, a number of uncertainties remain. This paper tries to summarize the most important findings in gender differences in schizophrenia and first-psychosis episodes. Several studies indicate that the incidence of schizophrenia is higher in men. Most of the studies found the age of onset to be earlier in men than in women. Findings on symptoms are less conclusive, with some authors suggesting that men suffer more negative symptoms while women have more affective symptoms. Premorbid functioning and social functioning seem to be better in females than males. However, cognitive functioning remains an issue, with lack of consensus on differences in neuropsychological profile between women and men. Substance abuse is more common in men than women with schizophrenia and first-episode psychosis. In terms of the disease course, women have better remission and lower relapse rates. Lastly, there is no evidence of specific gender differences in familial risk and obstetric complications. Overall, gender differences have been found in a number of variables, and further study in this area could help provide useful information with a view to improving our care of these patients.

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Cognition and Global Assessment of Functioning in Male and Female Outpatients With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders

Cited by 27 publications

References 26 publications

The global cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: Consistent over decades and around the world

The global cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: Consistent over decades and around the world

Neurocognition, social cognition and functional outcome in schizophrenia

Gender Differences in Schizophrenia and First-Episode Psychosis: A Comprehensive Literature Review

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