Coffee Consumption and Prostate Cancer Risk: Results from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2010 and Mendelian Randomization Analyses

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine the association between coffee and prostate cancer. Firstly, we conducted an observational study using data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2010. Coffee intake was derived from 24 h dietary recalls. Weighted multivariable-adjusted logistic regression was applied to evaluate the association. Then, we performed Mendelian randomization (MR) to explore the possible causal effect of coffee on prostate cancer risk. Primary and secondary genetic instruments were obtained from genome-wide association studies among 375,833 and 91,462 individuals separately. Prostate cancer summary statistics were extracted from Prostate Cancer Association Group to Investigate Cancer-Associated Alterations in the Genome (PRACTICAL) (79,194 cases and 61,112 controls) and FinnGen project (4754 cases and 63,465 controls). Inverse variance weighted (IVW) was the primary analytical method. Through selection, we enrolled 8336 individuals (weighted number = 58,796,070) for our observational study in NHANES. Results suggested that there was no association between coffee and prostate cancer. MR analyses with primary genetic instruments also did not support a causal association between coffee intake and prostate cancer risk, whether using summary data from PRACTICAL (IVW: OR 1.001, 95% CI 0.997–1.005) or FinnGen (IVW: OR 1.005, 95% CI 0.998–1.012). Similar results were observed when using secondary genetic instruments. Therefore, our study did not support a causal association between coffee intake and prostate cancer risk. Further studies with a larger sample size are needed to examine if an association exists by different coffee bean types, roasting procedures, and brewing methods.

Self-reported and genetically predicted effects of coffee intake on rheumatoid arthritis: Epidemiological studies and Mendelian randomization analysis

“…According to the question, “How many cups of coffee, caffeinated or decaffeinated, did you drink?”, we divided coffee intake into four groups: no consumption, <1, 1–3, and ≥4 cups/day. According to the previous study, we used the following variables as covariates: sex, age, race, education level, Body mass index (BMI), smoking status, poverty-income ratio, alcohol, high-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, hypertension, and diabetes condition ( 19 , 20 ). In addition, through screening, total calcium, phosphorus, kidney disease, and CRP may also be associated with RA risk ( 21 – 23 ), so they were also included in the covariates.…”

The influence of genetic and environmental factors on the incidence of prostate cancer in men

“…[35] Badania prowadzone dotychczas na związkiem kawy oraz ryzyka raka gruczołu krokowego wskazują, iż istnieje możliwość, że spożycie kawy redukuje ryzyko wystąpienia raka prostaty u mężczyzn. [37] Dochodzi do tego poprzez wiele różnych mechanizmów molekularnych. [3] (Rycina 5.)…”

Vasectomy and risk of prostate cancer: A Mendelian randomization study and confounder analysis

“…31 MVMR accommodates the joint effects of multiple mediators even in the presence of bidirectional relationships. 31 MR has been previously utilized to investigate potential risk factors for prostatic diseases that have been reported in several observational studies, 36,37 including coffee intake, [38][39][40] smoking, 41,42 alcohol consumption, 41,43 and vitamin E. 44,45 However, the MR results for these factors have always been negative. 38,[46][47][48] After reviewing these MR studies, we discovered that some did not stratify the exposed population by sex or ancestry.…”

“…31 MR has been previously utilized to investigate potential risk factors for prostatic diseases that have been reported in several observational studies, 36,37 including coffee intake, [38][39][40] smoking, 41,42 alcohol consumption, 41,43 and vitamin E. 44,45 However, the MR results for these factors have always been negative. 38,[46][47][48] After reviewing these MR studies, we discovered that some did not stratify the exposed population by sex or ancestry. This can result in population heterogeneity, which may cause instability in the results, particularly for-two-sample MR-a frequently used method in current MR research.…”