Coexistence of Trypanosoma cruzi Genotypes in Wild and Periodomestic Mammals in Chile

Rozas, Marlene; Botto‐Mahan, Carezza; Coronado, Ximena; Ortíz, Sylvia; Cattan, Pedro E.; Solari, Aldo

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2007.77.647

Cited by 59 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…23 ,30 In peridomestic mammals, frequencies for the same genotypes varied slightly with a preference for TCIId. 23,31 In our study, we detected an infection level for insect vectors similar to those described in wild mammals, but unlike native mammals; M. spinolai individuals present much lower frequencies of the ancestral genotype TCIIb. Interestingly, TCI was prevalent in the marsupial Thylamis elegans , same as described in other endemic areas.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

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Molecular Epidemiology of Chagas Disease in the Wild Transmission Cycle: The Evaluation in the Sylvatic Vector Mepraia spinolai from an Endemic Area of Chile

Coronado¹,

Rozas²,

Botto‐Mahan³

et al. 2009

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. The sylvatic transmission cycle of Chagas disease in Chile is composed of wild mammals and insects of the genus Mepraia . We determined infection rates and Trypanosoma cruzi genotypes in Mepraia spinolai . We collected 227 insects from two ecologically contrasting areas to assess T. cruzi infection. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified minicircle DNAs were characterized by Southern blot and hybridization tests with genotype-specific probes. Infection in insects from the more fertile area was almost 2-fold higher than in the poorer area. The genotype TCI was the most prevalent and other genotypes such as TCIIb, TCIId, and TCIIe were found at lower rates. The areas differed in their genotype distribution but not in their genotype diversity. We suggest that the difference in abundance and richness of mammals between the areas may be producing the detected infection levels in vectors. Our results are compared with those reported for mammals from the same area.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

“…Construction of minicircle probes was performed as previously described, and radio-labeled as described for total kDNA. 23 Positive samples were subjected to genotyping with the four specific probes. Figure 1A shows a representative experiment with PCR results from a selected group of infected M. spinolai .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Epidemiology of Chagas Disease in the Wild Transmission Cycle: The Evaluation in the Sylvatic Vector Mepraia spinolai from an Endemic Area of Chile

Coronado¹,

Rozas²,

Botto‐Mahan³

et al. 2009

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…Although cats were frequently reported to stray and hunt in the forest , their current contribution to such introduction appears to be negligible because the few cats that were infected had TC IIe. Moreover, no infection was found among 162 rodents examined for T. cruzi during 2002-2007 this study) despite rodent infections being common in Bolivia, Chile and Brazil (Cortez et al, 2006, Herrera et al, 2007Rozas et al, 2007). Dogs could become infected with TC I or TC IIc while visiting the forest or hunting, since dogs were reported to kill opossums in this area (Schweigmann et al, 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Molecular epidemiology of domestic and sylvatic Trypanosoma cruzi infection in rural northwestern Argentina

Cardinal

Lauricella

Ceballos

et al. 2008

International Journal for Parasitology

110

108

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Genetic diversity of Trypanosoma cruzi populations and parasite transmission dynamics have been well documented throughout the Americas, but few studies have been conducted in the Gran Chaco ecoregion, one of the most highly endemic areas for Chagas disease, caused by T. cruzi. In this study we assessed the distribution of T. cruzi lineages (identified by PCR strategies) in Triatoma infestans, domestic dogs, cats, humans and sylvatic mammals from two neighboring rural areas with different histories of transmission and vector control in northern Argentina. Lineage II predominated among the 99 isolates characterized and lineage I among the six isolates obtained from sylvatic mammals. Trypanosoma cruzi lineage IIe predominated in domestic habitats; it was found in 87% of 54 isolates from Tr. infestans, in 82% of 33 isolates from dogs, and in the four cats found infected. Domestic and sylvatic cycles overlapped in the study area in the late 1980s, when intense domestic transmission occurred, and still overlap marginally. The introduction of T. cruzi from sylvatic into domestic habitats is likely to occur very rarely in the current epidemiological context. The household distribution of T. cruzi lineages showed that Tr. infestans, dogs and cats from a given house compound shared the same parasite lineage in most cases. Based on molecular evidence, this result lends further support to the importance of dogs and cats as domestic reservoir hosts of T. cruzi. We believe that in Argentina, this is the first time that lineage IIc has been isolated from naturally-infected domestic dogs and Tr. infestans.

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“…[3][4][5] After a short acute or primary infection, the mammal host sustains subclinical infections, which are microscopically undetectable in peripheral blood during the undetermined and chronic phases. Conversely, parasitemia in those phases is detected only by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).…”

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“…The probes were P 32 -labeled. 4 A total of 35 O. degus were captured at the field and analyzed. Overall, only two O. degus showed infection with both vector species and six were positive only for M. spinolai .…”

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Temporal Fluctuation of Infection with Different Trypanosoma cruzi Genotypes in the Wild Rodent Octodon degus

Campos¹,

Botto‐Mahan²,

Ortíz³

et al. 2010

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Chagas disease is a vector-borne zoonosis caused by the protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi . This taxon had been described as composed of two lineages (TCI and TCII) and five subgroups (IIa-IIe), but a recent study reported six lineages or discrete typing units (DTUs) ( T. cruzi I-VI).1 These lineages are defined as sets of stocks that are genetically more related to each other than to any other stock and are identifiable by common genetic molecular and immunologic markers. 2Trypanosoma cruzi populations circulate in nature in multiple T. cruzi genotypes that coexist in different hosts, including Octodon degus rodents.3-5 After a short acute or primary infection, the mammal host sustains subclinical infections, which are microscopically undetectable in peripheral blood during the undetermined and chronic phases. Conversely, parasitemia in those phases is detected only by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The classic parasitologic diagnostic method for Chagas disease xenodiagnosis, which can amplify T. cruzi after feeding on infected hosts. 6 Although xenodiagnosis is specific, it lacks sensitivity and is limited to high levels of parasitemia.7 The epidemiology of Chagas disease and clinical symptoms are associated with the infective T. cruzi genotypes.8 Therefore, would be useful to know the dynamics of these genotypes.In the present study, we assess the occurrence of temporal fluctuations of T. cruzi DTUs in peripheral blood of two naturally infected wild reservoir specimens of O. degus by using a combination of two diagnosis methods: 1) xenodiagnosis with domestic and sylvatic vectors ( Triatoma infectans and Mepraia spinolai ), respectively, and 2) PCR DNA-based detection specific for minicircles and hybridization analyses with T. cruzi genotype-specific probes.Ten nymphs (stages II and III) of each vector species were allowed to feed simultaneously on anesthetized O. degus rodents for 30 minutes or until engorgement on the rodent (mean ± SD weight of ingested blood = 0.2 ± 0.05 mg). After 30 days, feces and intestinal contents of the triatomines were observed under a light microscope. The minimal theoretical parasitemia detected under these conditions is approximately 5 parasites/mL (1 parasite/0.2 mL). However, because several but not all insects (2-5) were parasite positive by visual examination, the estimated parasitemia would be > 10-25 parasites/mL.After microscopic inspection, the intestinal contents of each vector species pool was collected and PCR was performed as reported.9 Amplicons were subjected to electrophoresis on an agarose gel and transferred to nylon membranes. Copies of these membranes were hybridized separately with each probe under high stringency conditions.3 Construction of genotypespecific probes was performed as described.10 Different T. cruzi clones were used as templates to generate DNA probes to determine parasite genotypes. The probes were P 32 -labeled. 4A total of 35 O. degus were captured at the field and analyzed. Overall, only two O. degus showed infection with both vector species an...

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Coexistence of Trypanosoma cruzi Genotypes in Wild and Periodomestic Mammals in Chile

Cited by 59 publications

References 35 publications

Molecular Epidemiology of Chagas Disease in the Wild Transmission Cycle: The Evaluation in the Sylvatic Vector Mepraia spinolai from an Endemic Area of Chile

Molecular Epidemiology of Chagas Disease in the Wild Transmission Cycle: The Evaluation in the Sylvatic Vector Mepraia spinolai from an Endemic Area of Chile

Molecular epidemiology of domestic and sylvatic Trypanosoma cruzi infection in rural northwestern Argentina

Temporal Fluctuation of Infection with Different Trypanosoma cruzi Genotypes in the Wild Rodent Octodon degus

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