“…In fact, of 10 countries, 5 (Australia, Japan, Turkey, Portugal, and Peru) showed no systematic relationships between PTG and PTD, whereas the other 5 countries (i.e., Italy, Nepal, the US, Germany, and Poland) indicated a curvilinear relationship, that is, PTG was more likely to be reported when a moderate level of PTD was also present. These results demonstrate that PTG and PTD are not on opposite ends of a single dimension across the board but rather co-exist, being consistent with findings from other studies (Kunz et al, 2019;Zięba et al, 2019). Given that PTD and PTSD symptoms were positively correlated with each other, in line with previous research (Barrington & Shakespeare-Finch, 2013), PTD was an appropriate indicator measuring the "negative" aspects of changes after a trauma.…”