Abstract:Abstract:Ferroelectricity has been believed unable to coexist with metallicity since the free carriers can screen the internal coulomb interactions of dipoles. Very recently, one kind of materials called as ferroelectric metal was reexamined. Here, we report the coexistence of metallicity and polar distortion in a new candidate for ferroelectric metal PbTi1-xNbxO3 via doping engineering. The ferroelectric-like polar distortion in all the doped PbTi1-xNbxO3, with x ranging from 0.04 to 0.12, was confirmed by th… Show more
“…In the diffusive regime, thermal conductivity does not change with a width. In contrast, thermal conductivity in the hydrodynamic regime increases superlinearly with a sample width 4,5,15,16 . In the ideal hydrodynamic regime where there is no U-scattering and a sample size is much larger than the there is no U-scattering.…”
Section: B Sample Width Dependence Of Thermal Conductivitymentioning
confidence: 96%
“…For suspended graphene, it has not been discovered yet if graphene exhibits a temperature dependence of thermal conductivity that is significantly different from ballistic case so that the Poiseuille flow can be clearly observed in experiment. Recent studies qualitatively showed thermal conductivity of graphene that increases faster than ballistic limit 5,15,16 . However, they relied on a simplified Callaway's scattering model 17,18 and some of them 15,16 used an empirical relation for scattering rates that was developed for three-dimensional materials 19,20 , hindering quantitative guidance of future experimental efforts from first principles.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The Navier-Stokes equation, based on a similar first-order solution of molecular Boltzmann transport equation, requires for its validity that the width of channel is larger than the MFP of intermolecular scattering by at least two orders of magnitudes (i.e., molecular Knudesn number smaller than 0.01) 23 . Also, the scattering term is often simplified with the Callaway's scattering model 10,16,12,21,22 which is not accurate for a quantitative purpose particularly when neither N-nor U-scattering is exceedingly larger than the other 18,24 . In this study, we implement the deviational Monte Carlo method to solve the PBE to the higher order 25,26 .…”
When phonon transport is in the hydrodynamic regime, the thermal conductivity exhibits peculiar dependences on temperatures (T) and sample widths (W). These features were used in the past to experimentally confirm the hydrodynamic phonon transport in three-dimensional bulk materials. Suspended graphene was recently predicted to exhibit strong hydrodynamic features in thermal transport at much higher temperature than the three-dimensional bulk materials, but its experimental confirmation requires quantitative guidance by theory and simulation. Here we quantitatively predict those peculiar dependences using the Monte Carlo solution of the Peierls-Boltzmann equation with an ab initio full three-phonon scattering matrix. Thermal conductivity is found to increase as T α where α ranges from 1.89 to 2.49 depending on a sample width at low temperatures, much larger than 1.68 of the ballistic case. The thermal conductivity has a width dependence of 1.17 W at 100 K, clearly distinguished from the sublinear dependence of the ballistic-diffusive regime. These peculiar features are explained with a phonon viscous damping effect of the hydrodynamic regime. We derive an expression for the phonon hydrodynamic viscosity from the Peierls-Boltzmann equation, and discuss that the phonon viscous damping explains well those peculiar dependences of thermal conductivity at 100 K. The phonon viscous damping still causes significant thermal resistance when a temperature is 300 K and a sample width is around 1 μm, even though the hydrodynamic regime is not dominant over other regimes at this condition.
“…In the diffusive regime, thermal conductivity does not change with a width. In contrast, thermal conductivity in the hydrodynamic regime increases superlinearly with a sample width 4,5,15,16 . In the ideal hydrodynamic regime where there is no U-scattering and a sample size is much larger than the there is no U-scattering.…”
Section: B Sample Width Dependence Of Thermal Conductivitymentioning
confidence: 96%
“…For suspended graphene, it has not been discovered yet if graphene exhibits a temperature dependence of thermal conductivity that is significantly different from ballistic case so that the Poiseuille flow can be clearly observed in experiment. Recent studies qualitatively showed thermal conductivity of graphene that increases faster than ballistic limit 5,15,16 . However, they relied on a simplified Callaway's scattering model 17,18 and some of them 15,16 used an empirical relation for scattering rates that was developed for three-dimensional materials 19,20 , hindering quantitative guidance of future experimental efforts from first principles.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The Navier-Stokes equation, based on a similar first-order solution of molecular Boltzmann transport equation, requires for its validity that the width of channel is larger than the MFP of intermolecular scattering by at least two orders of magnitudes (i.e., molecular Knudesn number smaller than 0.01) 23 . Also, the scattering term is often simplified with the Callaway's scattering model 10,16,12,21,22 which is not accurate for a quantitative purpose particularly when neither N-nor U-scattering is exceedingly larger than the other 18,24 . In this study, we implement the deviational Monte Carlo method to solve the PBE to the higher order 25,26 .…”
When phonon transport is in the hydrodynamic regime, the thermal conductivity exhibits peculiar dependences on temperatures (T) and sample widths (W). These features were used in the past to experimentally confirm the hydrodynamic phonon transport in three-dimensional bulk materials. Suspended graphene was recently predicted to exhibit strong hydrodynamic features in thermal transport at much higher temperature than the three-dimensional bulk materials, but its experimental confirmation requires quantitative guidance by theory and simulation. Here we quantitatively predict those peculiar dependences using the Monte Carlo solution of the Peierls-Boltzmann equation with an ab initio full three-phonon scattering matrix. Thermal conductivity is found to increase as T α where α ranges from 1.89 to 2.49 depending on a sample width at low temperatures, much larger than 1.68 of the ballistic case. The thermal conductivity has a width dependence of 1.17 W at 100 K, clearly distinguished from the sublinear dependence of the ballistic-diffusive regime. These peculiar features are explained with a phonon viscous damping effect of the hydrodynamic regime. We derive an expression for the phonon hydrodynamic viscosity from the Peierls-Boltzmann equation, and discuss that the phonon viscous damping explains well those peculiar dependences of thermal conductivity at 100 K. The phonon viscous damping still causes significant thermal resistance when a temperature is 300 K and a sample width is around 1 μm, even though the hydrodynamic regime is not dominant over other regimes at this condition.
“…More progress has been made lately with a study ( 6 ) reporting on the observation of polar domains and strain-induced ferroelastic switching in bulk polar metal Ca 3 Ru 2 O 7 at room temperature. Another strategy that has also been commonly used, besides investigating metallic systems with a noncentrosymmetric crystal structure ( 7 ), is to dope well-established ferroelectric materials, such as BaTiO 3-δ ( 8 , 9 ) and Nb-doped PbTiO 3 ( 10 ). However, the ferroelectric instability weakens with increasing electronic density in these systems and will eventually be destroyed above a certain critical density ( 11 ).…”
Coexistence of reversible polar distortions and metallicity leading to a ferroelectric metal, first suggested by Anderson and Blount in 1965, has so far remained elusive. Electrically switchable intrinsic electric polarization, together with the direct observation of ferroelectric domains, has not yet been realized in a bulk crystalline metal, although incomplete screening by mobile conduction charges should, in principle, be possible. Here, we provide evidence that native metallicity and ferroelectricity coexist in bulk crystalline van der Waals WTe2 by means of electrical transport, nanoscale piezoresponse measurements, and first-principles calculations. We show that, despite being a Weyl semimetal, WTe2 has switchable spontaneous polarization and a natural ferroelectric domain structure at room temperature. This new class of materials has tantalizing potential for functional nanoelectronics applications.
“…It is mainly located in the flexure belt in the west of Shanxi. The whole presents the trend of east high and west low [16][17][18]. According to the comparative observation of field outcrops and the drilling of exploration wells, the Carboniferous-Permian in the study area developed from bottom to top with Benxi Formation (C2b)-Taiyuan Formation (P1t)-Shanxi Formation (P1s)-Shihezi Formation (P2h) -Shi Qianfeng Group (P3sq).…”
Based on the comprehensive analysis of the characteristics of tight sandstone gas composition, carbon isotope, light hydrocarbons and source rocks in Linxing area of Ordos Basin, the reservoir-forming model of tight sandstone gas in this area is discussed. The study shows that methane is the main component of tight sandstone gas, with low contents of heavy hydrocarbons and non-hydrocarbons, mainly belonging to dry gas in the Upper Paleozoic in Linxing area. The values of δ13C1, δ13C2 and δ13C3 of natural gas are in the ranges of -45.6‰ ~ -32.9‰, -28.9‰ ~ -22.3‰ and -26.2‰~ -19.1‰, respectively. The carbon isotopic values of alkane gas show a general trend of positive carbon sequence. δ13C1 value is less than -30‰, with typical characteristics of organic genesis. There is a certain similarity in the composition characteristics of light hydrocarbons. The C7 series show the advantage of methylhexane, while the C5-7 series mainly shows the advantage of isoalkane. The tight sandstone gas in this area is mainly composed of mature coal-derived gas, containing a small amount of coal-derived gas and oil-type gas mixture. According to the mode of hydrocarbon generation, diffusion and migration of source rocks in Linxing area, the tight sandstone gas in the study area can be divided into three types of reservoir-forming assemblages: the upper reservoir type of the far-source type (upper Shihezi formation-shiqianfeng formation sandstone reservoir-forming away from source rocks), the upper reservoir type of the near-source type ( the Lower Shihezi formation sandstone reservoir-outside the source rock), and the self-storage type of the source type (Shanxi formation-Taiyuan formation source rock internal sand reservoir).
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