Coexistence of neuronal and glial precursor cells in the cerebral ventricular zone of the fetal monkey: an ultrastructural immunoperoxidase analysis

Levitt, Pat; Cooper, ME; Rakić, Paško

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.01-01-00027.1981

Cited by 362 publications

(146 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…In other words, most tanycytes are not PGE cells. The term "radial glia" has been applied to tanycytes that ultimately serve as proliferating progenitors of astrocytes (Levitt et al, 1981;Mission et al, 1988). The raphe p35 PGE cells seem neither to divide nor to develop into astrocytes; they are quite distinct from radial glia.…”

Section: Pge Cell Raphesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optic chiasm and infundibular decussation sites in the developing rat diencephalon are defined by Glial Raphes expressing p35 (Lipocortin 1, Annexin I)

McKanna

1992

Developmental Dynamics

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ABSTRACTp35, a Ca+ +-phospholipid-binding protein that serves as a substrate for the EGF receptor tyrosine kinase, is expressed by primitive glial ependymal cells to define a raphe occupying the ventral midline in the spinal cord and hindbrain of rat embryos (McKanna and Cohen, Science 243:1477-1479). p35 appears transiently in the median one-third (80 pm) of the floor plate at precisely the time and place where axons cross to form the ventral commissure. We postulated that if p35 is involved with commissure development, homologous p35 raphes might be found at decussation sites rostral to the floor plate, including the optic chiasm. The present report describes two developmentally regulated p35 raphes in the diencephalon. One raphe is present for 2-3 days at the rostral lip of the nascent infundibulum, the reported decussation site of axons running from the supraoptic nucleus to the neurohypophysis; the other raphe appears in the rostral two-thirds of the optic chiasm, the site traversed by the optic axons. p35 is never expressed in the caudal one-third of the chiasm that accommodates non-retinal axons. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first identification of a specific marker for the retinal component of the optic chiasm. Because the p35 is gone by embryonic day 18.5, it is absent during final stages of chiasm formation when axons from the temporal retina decussate. Thus, p35 also may contribute to the "barrier" perceived by fibers that remain ipsilateral. Our data suggest that the p35 raphe contributes to the midline's role in commisure morphogenesis. Putative lipocortin activities including regulating PLA,, eicosanoids, or intracellular Ca+ + could be involved in altering cue specificity as decussating axon growth cones traverse the p35 compartment. o 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Section: Pge Cell Raphesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optic chiasm and infundibular decussation sites in the developing rat diencephalon are defined by Glial Raphes expressing p35 (Lipocortin 1, Annexin I)

McKanna

1992

Developmental Dynamics

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“…Numerous studies have suggested that the ventricular zone (VZ) stem cells generate committed neuronal, glial, and bipotential progenitors, each restricted to the production of one or more types of postmitotic cells (Maric et al, 2000;McCarthy et al, 2001;Piper et al, 2001;Cai et al, 2002b;Liu et al, 2002;Shen et al, 2002;Maric et al, 2003;. Indeed, multipotent radial glial cells (RGCs) and distinct committed neuronal and glial progenitors have been identified in the human and monkey VZ (Levitt et al, 1981(Levitt et al, , 1983Ostenfeld and Svendsen, 2004;Zecevic, 2004). In contrast, recent reports suggest that the rodent neocortical VZ is composed primarily of multipotential RGCs, which generate all of the dorsally derived neocortical cells (Noctor et al, 2002;Fishell and Kriegstein, 2003;Weissman et al, 2003) including cortical astrocytes (Pixley and de Vellis, 1984;Misson et al, 1988;Takahashi et al, 1990;Hunter and Hatten, 1995;Kamei et al, 1998;deAzevedo et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular and Morphological Heterogeneity of Neural Precursors in the Mouse Neocortical Proliferative Zones

Gal

Morozov²,

Ayoub³

et al. 2006

J. Neurosci.

309

297

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The proliferative ventricular zone (VZ) is the main source of projection neurons for the overlying cerebral neocortex. The number and diversity of neocortical neurons is determined, in part, by factors controlling the proliferation and specification of VZ cells during embryonic development. We used a variety of methods, including in utero electroporation with specific cellular markers, computerassisted serial EM cell reconstruction, and time-lapse multiphoton imaging to characterize the molecular and morphological characteristics of the VZ constituents and to capture their behavior during cell division. Our analyses reveal at least two types of dividing cells in the VZ: (1) radial glial cells (RGCs) that span the entire neocortical wall and maintain contact both at the ventricular and pial surfaces throughout mitotic division, and (2) short neural precursors (SNPs) that possess a ventricular endfoot and a basal process of variable length that is retracted during mitotic division. These two precursor cell classes are present concomitantly in the VZ, but their relative number changes over the course of cortical neurogenesis. Moreover, the SNPs are morphologically, ultrastructurally and molecularly distinct from dividing RGCs. For example, SNPs are marked by their preferential expression of the tubulin ␣-1 promoter whereas RGCs instead express the glutamate-aspartate transporter and brain lipid binding protein promoters. In contrast to recent studies that suggest that RGCs are the sole type of VZ precursor, the present study indicates that the VZ in murine dorsal telencephalon is similar to that in human and nonhuman primates, because it contains multiple types of neuronal precursors.

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“…During late stages of corticogenesis, as neurogenesis and migration dwindles, the radial glial scaffolding in the telencephalon is dismantled and transformed into type 1 astrocytes (8)(9)(10). Astrocytes contribute to the emergence and maintenance of mature brain circuitry through their function as modulators of neuronal activity (11), neurogenesis (12), and as potential neuronal precursors (13).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuregulin 1–erbB2 signaling is required for the establishment of radial glia and their transformation into astrocytes in cerebral cortex

Schmid

McGrath²,

Berechid

et al. 2003

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

191

151

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Radial glial cells and astrocytes function to support the construction and maintenance, respectively, of the cerebral cortex. However, the mechanisms that determine how radial glial cells are established, maintained, and transformed into astrocytes in the cerebral cortex are not well understood. Here, we show that neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) exerts a critical role in the establishment of radial glial cells. Radial glial cell generation is significantly impaired in NRG mutants, and this defect can be rescued by exogenous NRG-1. Down-regulation of expression and activity of erbB2, a member of the NRG-1 receptor complex, leads to the transformation of radial glial cells into astrocytes. Reintroduction of erbB2 transforms astrocytes into radial glia. The activated form of the Notch1 receptor, which promotes the radial glial phenotype, activates the erbB2 promoter in radial glial cells. These results suggest that developmental changes in NRG-1-erbB2 interactions modulate the establishment of radial glia and contribute to their appropriate transformation into astrocytes.R adial glial cells play a critical role in the construction of the mammalian brain by contributing to the formation of neurons and astrocytes and providing an instructive scaffold for neuronal migration (1-7). The establishment of radial glial cells from an undifferentiated sheet of neuroepithelium precedes the generation and migration of neurons in the cerebral cortex. During early stages of corticogenesis, radial glial cells can give rise to neurons (3-5). Subsequent neuronal cell movement in the developing mammalian cerebral cortex occurs mainly along radial glial fibers, although nonpyramidal neurons initially migrate into the cortex in a radial glial-independent manner (1, 2, 4-7).During late stages of corticogenesis, as neurogenesis and migration dwindles, the radial glial scaffolding in the telencephalon is dismantled and transformed into type 1 astrocytes (8-10). Astrocytes contribute to the emergence and maintenance of mature brain circuitry through their function as modulators of neuronal activity (11), neurogenesis (12), and as potential neuronal precursors (13). Neurodevelopmental disorders affecting the development of radial glial cells lead to faulty neuronal and glial differentiation, thus resulting in gross CNS malformations characterized by neuronal misplacement and connectivity (14). Despite their significance, the molecular signals controlling the establishment, maintenance, and transformation of radial glial cells in the developing cerebral cortex are poorly defined.Neuregulin-1 (NRG-1), a member of the NRG family of proteins, has been implicated in the differentiation of glial cells from both central and peripheral nervous systems (15, 16). In the developing CNS, NRG-1 is expressed in migrating neurons and oligodendrocyte precursors and is thought to positively influence radial glial cell function and oligodendrocyte development (17-21). NRG-1 mediates its effects via the activation of dimers of protein tyrosine kinase receptors, erbB2, ...

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Coexistence of neuronal and glial precursor cells in the cerebral ventricular zone of the fetal monkey: an ultrastructural immunoperoxidase analysis

Abstract: The cytological composition of

Cited by 362 publications

References 40 publications

Optic chiasm and infundibular decussation sites in the developing rat diencephalon are defined by Glial Raphes expressing p35 (Lipocortin 1, Annexin I)

Optic chiasm and infundibular decussation sites in the developing rat diencephalon are defined by Glial Raphes expressing p35 (Lipocortin 1, Annexin I)

Molecular and Morphological Heterogeneity of Neural Precursors in the Mouse Neocortical Proliferative Zones

Neuregulin 1–erbB2 signaling is required for the establishment of radial glia and their transformation into astrocytes in cerebral cortex

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