Coexistence of hypertension with diabetes mellitus and its pharmacotherapy

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus and hypertension are common comorbidities, as hypertension is reported to be twice as frequent in diabetic patients as people who are non- diabetics. In diabetic condition, the risk and progression of cardiac disease, peripheral vascular disease, stroke, retinopathy, and nephropathy is greatly increased in the presence of hypertension. Persistent increase in blood pressure termed hypertension, can be either primary hypertension (essential hypertension) or secondary hypertension in nature. Primary or essential hypertension is characterized by elevated blood pressure caused by inherited factors which are characteristic of essential hypertension whereas identifiable causes such as chronic kidney diseases, endocrine disorders, constriction of the kidney arteries, or the use of drugs are among the etiology of secondary hypertension. Diabetes causes hyperinsulinemia which increases the risk of hypertension. This condition increases the amount of sodium that the body absorbs. It also promotes the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. Treatment of both conditions is crucial as they are considered risk factors for coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, renal failure and congestive heart failure. In any age group, a considerable increase in systolic blood pressure causes a significant increase in cardiovascular disease. To achieve sufficient blood pressure control, most people with hypertension and diabetes require more than one medication. This review is aimed to discuss hypertension and diabetes mellitus comorbidities and their treatment.

The antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antihyperlipidemic effects of the polyphenolic extract from Salvia blancoana subsp. mesatlantica on induced diabetes in rats

“…This finding is consistent with the results in the bibliography (Wang et al 2020 ; Jafari et al 2021 ; Assadi et al 2021 ). The coexistence of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia is a key diagnostic sign of DT2 (Soliman 2016 ; Moke et al 2023 ). Prolonged hyperinsulinemia induces negative phosphorylation control of insulin receptors and a changeable reduction in the activity of tyrosine receptor kinase, thereby guiding to insulin resistance supplementary to type 2 diabetes (Kanety et al 1994 ; Catalano et al 2014 ).…”