Coexistence of anion and cation vacancy defects in vacuum-annealed In2O3 thin films

Nonconventional magnetism in pristine and alkali doped In2O3: Density functional study

“…[30][31][32][33][34] The latter has also been supported by experimental results lately. 19,21,35,36 Furthermore, recently, RT ferromagnetism is observed in alkali metal doped ZnO nanorods 37 and nanotubes. 38 These authors attributed the origin of the RT ferromagnetism to the effect of cation substitution by alkali metal at Zn sites.…”

“…RT ferromagnetism has been evidenced in undoped HfO 2 , 18 In 2 O 3 , [18][19][20][21] ZnO, 20 TiO 2 , 18 SnO 2 , 20,22 CeO 2 , 20 and Al 2 O 3 ͑Ref. 20͒ in forms of bulk, film, or nanoparticle.…”

“…This scenario was verified by high quality scanning tunneling microscopy characterization. 21 However, theoretical work has yet to be established to solve the puzzles of local moment formation and to provide atomic level understanding of the ferromagnetism in both undoped and nonmagnetic cation-doped In 2 O 3 . Therefore, it is highly desirable to carry out the study to unravel the roles that defect states play in mediating the magnetic coupling and to improve the understanding on the observed magnetism.…”

Possible room temperature ferromagnetism of Li-doped anatase TiO2: A first-principles study

“…More interestingly, magnetism has been observed in undoped materials as well as non-magnetic element doped systems, which is so-called d 0 magnetism that provides alternative approaches to 3d TMs doping. For instance, RT ferromagnetism has been evidenced in undoped HfO 2 [7,8], In 2 O 3 [8][9][10][11], ZnO [10], TiO 2 [8], SnO 2 [10,12], CeO 2 [10], and Al 2 O 3 [10] in forms of bulk, film or nanoparticles. As for the nonmagnetic doping, light elements (LEs), such as C and N, are found to be suitable ones for anion-site doping [13][14][15][16][17][18].…”

d ferromagnetism in undoped n and p-type In2O3 films

“…Experimentally, Banerjee et al 9 and Xing et al 10 attribute the ferromagnetism obtained in pure ZnO powders and nanostructures to oxygen vacancy. Sudakar et al 5 predict that the O and In vacancies existing in the vicinity of the surface is responsible for the ferromagnetism in postannealed In 2 O 3 film. Theoretically, Kim et al 11 predict that the sizable magnetic moment in rutile TiO 2 stems from the lattice distortion due to oxygen vacancies.…”