Coexistence in a Competitive Parasitoid-host System

Castillo, David Jiménez; Hernández, Juan González

doi:10.1006/jtbi.2003.3171

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(38 reference statements)

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“…To address this question, we must quantify not only how ecologically different but also how open an herbivore niche must be to foster (permit) sequential speciation. Competitive exclusion theory predicts that species cannot co‐occur if they overlap too broadly in their utilisation of a critical, shared resource (Castillo & Velasco‐Hernández, 2003; Moll & Brown, 2008). Yet D. alloeum , D. mellea , and U. canaliculatus all attack apple, hawthorn, blueberry, and snowberry flies.…”

Section: Unresolved Questions and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sequential speciation and the diversity of parasitic insects

Feder

Forbes

2010

Ecological Entomology

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Abstract.A major issue in biology is what generates biodiversity. An important part of the answer may be biodiversity itself. As new species form they may often create new niches, providing an impetus for other organisms to adapt and speciate. This hypothesis of 'cascading' or 'sequential' speciation has been argued to be particularly relevant for host-plant-specific phytophagous insects and their associated parasites. Here, we discuss the empirical and theoretical bases for sequential speciation and its potential significance for understanding the genesis of new life forms. We examine the application of the concept that biodiversity begets biodiversity by palaeontologists, ecologists, and evolutionary biologists to explain current and past distributions of organisms. We look at factors that may promote and restrict sequential speciation and review evidence from phytophagous insects for the process in nature. In particular, we discuss a case study involving the apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) and its wasp parasitoid Diachasma alloeum (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). We conclude by outlining a research agenda for testing for sequential speciation in the field.

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Section: Unresolved Questions and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sequential speciation and the diversity of parasitic insects

Feder

Forbes

2010

Ecological Entomology

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“…Accordingly, time to extinction was expected to depend on the relative competitive abilities of the species, summarized by R*, the lowest level of resource at which a species could persist (Tilman 1981(Tilman , 2004, as well as the initial population size, since demographic stochasticity is most important in small populations. Previous work suggests that the affect of species specific traits of birth rate, death rate and resource utilization on extinction can be altered v www.esajournals.org by competitive interactions (Hsu et al 1977, Castillo and Velasco-Hernandez 2003, Gabel et al 2013, and it is unknown if resource inflow affects extinction independently. Replicate simulations provided a statistical picture of how the strength of competition, initial population size, species traits and resource supply affected time to extinction when competitive exclusion was expected.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time to competitive exclusion

Kramer

Drake

2014

Ecosphere

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Abstract. A predictive theory of population extinction for natural populations requires integrating the effects of stochasticity with the interactions engaged in with populations of other species. The theory of competitive exclusion predicts that inferior competitors for a limiting resource will be driven to extinction, but the effects of resource competition on time to extinction have not been examined. We studied a stochastic version of Tilman's resource competition model to examine two species competition-driven extinction. Simulations showed that competitive imbalance, population size and demographic rates of the ''inferior'' competitor were the most important determinants of mean extinction time, while factors including resource supply and nutrient uptake had negligible influence. However, when competitors were more evenly matched and had small initial population sizes the ''superior'' competitor often went extinct. In these cases the distribution of extinction times shifted from the familiar exponential tail towards a heavytailed distribution with characteristically longer extinction times that may be indicative of the transition between exclusion and coexistence. These results provide new insight into the quantitative effects of competition and demographic stochasticity on extinction risk. Further work is needed to understand how extinction of superior competitors affects coexistence and extinction in natural communities.

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“…The first possible mechanism to explain these patterns is a potential increase in host availability for tachinids because of lower numbers of hymenopterans. Empirical [ 49 ] and theoretical [ 50 ] studies as well as reviews [ 51 ] have documented the importance of interspecific competition between parasitoids utilized for biological control. The second possible explanation, which could act in concert with the first, is that tachinids are released from control by hyperparasitoids.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Banana Plantation Pesticides on the Immune Response of Lepidopteran Larvae and Their Parasitoid Natural Enemies

Smilanich

Dyer

2012

Insects

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Basic research on the insect immune response has progressed dramatically within the last two decades, showing that immunity is one of the most effective defenses against foreign invaders. As such, it is important to understand the causes of variation in this response. Here, we investigate the effects of pesticides used in Costa Rican banana plantations on the immune response of the lepidopteran larva, Caligo memnon (Brassolinae). In addition, we performed a parasitism survey of the banana plantations and surrounding forests to provide a broader assessment of pesticide effects on parasitoid populations. All caterpillars for the immune assay were collected from two banana plantations and brought to La Selva Biology Station for immune challenge. Individuals were fed leaves from the plantations (pesticide) or leaves from La Selva (pesticide-free), then immune challenged with injected sephadex beads. We found that individuals feeding on pesticide leaves had significantly lower bead melanization compared to individuals feeding on pesticide-free leaves. Nonetheless, the parasitism survey showed that caterpillars from the banana plantations had lower parasitism rates compared to caterpillars from the La Selva forest. This study adds to the growing body of evidence documenting negative effects of pesticides on the insect immune response and on adult parasitoids, and underscores the need for more research at the intersection between ecological entomology and immunology.

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Coexistence in a Competitive Parasitoid-host System

Cited by 5 publications

References 18 publications

Sequential speciation and the diversity of parasitic insects

Sequential speciation and the diversity of parasitic insects

Time to competitive exclusion

Effects of Banana Plantation Pesticides on the Immune Response of Lepidopteran Larvae and Their Parasitoid Natural Enemies

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