Coevolution of symbiotic mutualists and parasites in a community context

Thrall, Peter H.; Hochberg, Michael; Burdon, Jeremy J.; Bever, James D.

doi:10.1016/j.tree.2006.11.007

Cited by 356 publications

(340 citation statements)

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“…In this way, host plants may benefit from the nutrient-harvesting abilities of their fungal symbionts. The relationship between plant and AM fungus is more likely to be mutualistic when soil-nutrient supply rate is low and fungal access to essential nutrients is beneficial to host growth (6). Parasitic mycorrhizas can develop in fertilized soils if carbon costs of the symbiosis do not outweigh the mineral benefits (4,5,7).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Resource limitation is a driver of local adaptation in mycorrhizal symbioses

Johnson

Wilson

Bowker

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

569

527

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Symbioses may be important mechanisms of plant adaptation to their environment. We conducted a reciprocal inoculation experiment to test the hypothesis that soil fertility is a key driver of local adaptation in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbioses. Ecotypes ofAndropogon gerardiifrom phosphorus-limited and nitrogen-limited grasslands were grown with all possible “home and away” combinations of soils and AM fungal communities. Our results indicate thatAndropogonecotypes adapt to their local soil and indigenous AM fungal communities such that mycorrhizal exchange of the most limiting resource is maximized. Grasses grown in home soil and inoculated with home AM fungi produced more arbuscules (symbiotic exchange structures) in their roots than those grown in away combinations. Also, regardless of the host ecotype, AM fungi produced more extraradical hyphae in their home soil, and locally adapted AM fungi were, therefore, able to sequester more carbon compared with nonlocal fungi. Locally adapted mycorrhizal associations were more mutualistic in the two phosphorus-limited sites and less parasitic at the nitrogen-limited site compared with novel combinations of plants, fungi, and soils. To our knowledge, these findings provide the strongest evidence to date that resource availability generates evolved geographic structure in symbioses among plants and soil organisms. Thus, edaphic origin of AM fungi should be considered when managing for their benefits in agriculture, ecosystem restoration, and soil-carbon sequestration.

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confidence: 99%

“…This selection is not expected to occur in nutrient-rich sites, because mycorrhizas are not likely to increase plant fitness if mycorrhizal delivery of nutrients provides little benefit to compensate for the carbon cost of the symbiosis (4,6). Many studies have linked AM function to phosphorus availability (5,22).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Resource limitation is a driver of local adaptation in mycorrhizal symbioses

Johnson

Wilson

Bowker

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

569

527

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“…denotes the usual Laplacian operator in space . [17,[31][32][33]. In this model, predator u 2 diffuses with flux…”

Section: The Mathematical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This process is well known as diffusion-driven instability, and the associated spatial pattern is usually named the Turing pattern. Since the seminal work of Turing in 1952, the most widely investigated model for spatial pattern formation is the reaction-diffusion model [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. It is worth noticing that Yan and Zhang investigated a diffusion two-species predator-prey system with the Beddington-DeAngelis functional response and subject to homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions by means of the upper and lower solutions method and the monotone iteration principle in [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistence and Turing instability in a cross-diffusive predator–prey system with generalist predator

Bai-qi

2018

Adv Differ Equ

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In this paper, we propose and investigate persistence and Turing instability of a cross-diffusion predator-prey system with generalist predator. First, by virtue of the comparison principle, we obtain sufficient conditions of persistence for a corresponding reaction-diffusion system without self-and cross-diffusion. Second, by using the linear stability analysis, we prove that under some conditions the unique positive equilibrium solution is locally asymptotically stable for the corresponding ODE system and the corresponding reaction-diffusion system without cross-diffusion and self-diffusion. Hence it does not belong to the classical Turing instability. Third, under some appropriate sufficient conditions, we obtain that the uniform positive equilibrium solution is linearly unstable for the cross-reaction-diffusion and partial self-diffusion system. The results indicate that cross-diffusion and partial self-diffusion play an important role in the study of Turing instability about reaction-diffusion systems with generalist predator. Fourth, we elaborate on the relations between the theoretical results and the cross-diffusion predator-prey system by relying on some examples. In the end, we conclude our findings and give a brief discussion. MSC: 35B36; 35B51

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“…For example, recent work suggests that viral infection may be common in asymptomatic plants (90) in nature and that viruses may sometimes have positive effects on plant hosts (139). A current focus in research considers disease in the context of diverse symbiotic interactions (mutualism to parasitism), and postulates that coevolutionary trajectories may relate to the complexity and productivity of the environment (128).…”

Section: Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disease in Natural Plant Populations, Communities, and Ecosystems: Insights into Ecological and Evolutionary Processes

Alexander

2010

Plant Disease

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Pathogens are associated with virtually all plant species, from a diverse array of habitats. Although we know the most about diseases of economically important plants, the goal of this article is to describe current work on host-pathogen interactions in natural or unmanaged systems outside of the crop field or forestry plantation. Agricultural scientists, of course, have contributed to this research. For example, disease resistance genes are often discovered as a result of surveys of wild relatives of crop plants, and it is well known that crop disease levels can be influenced by diseases in nearby weeds. Starting in the late 1970s, however, research on natural plant-pathogen interactions began to both increase and diversify, with an explicit goal of understanding the ecology and evolution of these interactions. This article will trace the history of this young discipline and provide highlights of ongoing research areas. I will focus on work by ecologists and evolutionary biologists that often is not published in plant pathology or forestry journals.A first step is to define a natural system as opposed to an agricultural or human-managed system. In contrast to most row crops, most natural populations occur in complex spatial arrangements with tens to hundreds of other species, are genetically diverse, and consist of plants of different ages and developmental stages. Seeds produced by a population in one year are the source of future generations at the site. Natural populations need not be pristine; as defined above, roadside weeds are as natural as prairie wildflowers. This natural versus agricultural dichotomy is also, of course, simplistic. Forest plantations and pasture landscapes have many natural attributes, and the degree of distinction between agricultural and natural ecosystems varies around the world.Although there have always been researchers intrigued by the role of pathogens in nature (58), publications in the 1970s and 1980s were influential in introducing the study of plant disease to ecologists and evolutionary biologists. For example, John Harper, a British biologist, published a landmark book in 1977 called Population Biology of Plants (61). This large tome (892 pages) encouraged ecologists to view plants not as vegetation, but as populations of individuals. One of his 17 chapters was titled "Pathogens" and emphasized the effect that disease could have on the structure and dynamics of plant populations and communities. Harper's book was followed a decade later by Jeremy Burdon's 1987 book Diseases and Plant Population Biology (30). Burdon expanded on the ecological consequences of disease and also emphasized genetic interactions between host and pathogen. Both Harper and Burdon emphasized the relevance of crop research and theories developed in an agricultural context, such as van der Plank's (101) work in epidemiology and Flor's gene-for-gene hypothesis (50). Interestingly, at the same time period, several plant pathologists were discussing disease in natural systems (130). Browning (29), in pa...

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Coevolution of symbiotic mutualists and parasites in a community context

Cited by 356 publications

References 76 publications

Resource limitation is a driver of local adaptation in mycorrhizal symbioses

Resource limitation is a driver of local adaptation in mycorrhizal symbioses

Persistence and Turing instability in a cross-diffusive predator–prey system with generalist predator

Disease in Natural Plant Populations, Communities, and Ecosystems: Insights into Ecological and Evolutionary Processes

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