Coevolution between the Human Microbiota and the Epithelial Immune System

Sigal, Michael; Meyer, Thomas F.

doi:10.1159/000443349

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Indeed, gut microbiota not only experiences long-term coevolution with host ( 71 ) but also influences the host immunity ( 72 , 73 ). Especially, lifestyle, including diets and medicine intake, contributes greatly to the modification on gut microbiota ( 71 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antitumor Activity of Extract From the Sporoderm-Breaking Spore of Ganoderma lucidum: Restoration on Exhausted Cytotoxic T Cell With Gut Microbiota Remodeling

et al. 2018

Front. Immunol.

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As breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women population worldwide, ongoing endeavor has been made for alternative regimens with improved efficacy but fewer adverse effects. Recently, active components from the spores of Ganoderma lucidum have attracted much attention for their versatile biological activities owing to the advance in sporoderm-breaking technology. Here, anticancer potential of an extract derived from the sporoderm-breaking spores of G. lucidum (ESG) was explored in a 4T1-breast cancer xenograft mice model. Results showed that ESG was able to suppress 4T1 tumor growth in vivo rather than in vitro. Flowcytometry analysis revealed that ESG could significantly increase both cytotoxic T cell (Tc) population and the ratio of Tc to helper T cell (Th) in peripheral blood of the tumor-bearing mouse; similar promotion on Tc was also found in tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte. Moreover, ESG evidently downregulated the two immune checkpoints, programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1, in the spleen) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4, in the tumor), suggesting that ESG could effectively restore the T cell paradigm by recovering the exhaustion status via suppressing the co-inhibitory checkpoints. By 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis on the fecal microbiota, it was found that ESG would remodeling the overall structure of the samples from tumor-bearing mice toward that of the normal counterparts, including 18 genera in 5 phyla, together with regulations on several genes that are responsible for signaling pathways involved in metabolism, cellular processes, and environmental information processing. Collectively, this study demonstrated that ESG would serve as a natural anticancer adjuvant via a restoration on the exhausted Tc, highlighting important clinical implications for the treatment of breast cancer.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antitumor Activity of Extract From the Sporoderm-Breaking Spore of Ganoderma lucidum: Restoration on Exhausted Cytotoxic T Cell With Gut Microbiota Remodeling

et al. 2018

Front. Immunol.

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“…Some of the protective mechanisms of the gastric epithelium include-cell barrier against the entry of toxic or pathogenic agents, stem cells that differentiate into gastric epithelial cells, and sensors located on the mucosal surface capable of detecting microbial antigens, leading to the induction of autonomic mechanisms that result in the effective killing of bacteria [60][61][62]. One of the proteins responsible for supporting the integrity of the protective barrier is β-catenin, acting as an adherent junction molecule together with E-cadherin [63].…”

Section: Gastric Epitheliummentioning

confidence: 99%

Gastroprotective Mechanisms

Lima¹,

Lima²,

Souza³

et al. 2022

Peptic Ulcer Disease - What's New?

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Gastric ulcer (GU), a common type of peptic ulcer, results from an imbalance in the action of protective and aggressive agents. Gastroprotective mechanisms are mucus layer, gastric epithelium, gastric blood flow, gastric neurons, mucosal repair capacity, and immune system. Thus, the aim of this chapter was to provide an update on gastroprotective mechanisms. It was carried out through searches in PubMed covering the years 2016–2021 using several keywords. This survey resulted in 428 articles, of which 110 were cited in this chapter. It was reviewed the status of gastroprotective mechanisms and highlighted that mucins can act as a filter; gastric epithelial defenses are composed of the cell barrier, stem cells, and sensors on the mucosal surface; nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) act for gastric blood flow homeostasis (GBF); the main effector neurons in the gastric mucosa are cholinergic, nitrergic and VIPergic, and oxytocin can activate neurons; repair of the gastric mucosa requires complex biological responses; the immune system regulates the entry of antigens and pathogens. The main knowledge about gastroprotective mechanisms remains unchanged. However, we conclude that there has been progressing in this area.

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“…There is emerging evidence that bacterial infections and bacterial products from HP, E. coli, Chlamydia trachomatis and others can cause DNA damage in host cells by secreting genotoxic proteins or through mechanisms involving host response to the infection [188][189][190][191][192][193]. In addition to producing genotoxins or causing DNA damage through increased production of reactive oxygen species, bacterial infections can also modify the DNA damage response, thereby interfering with mechanisms of repair [188].…”

Section: Gallbladder Carcinoma-overview and Role Of Genotoxins In Carcinogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Microbiota in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis and Related Biliary Malignancies

Özdirik

Müller

Wree

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is an immune-related cholangiopathy characterized by biliary inflammation, cholestasis, and multifocal bile duct strictures. It is associated with high rates of progression to end-stage liver disease as well as a significant risk of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), gallbladder cancer, and colorectal carcinoma. Currently, no effective medical treatment with an impact on the overall survival is available, and liver transplantation is the only curative treatment option. Emerging evidence indicates that gut microbiota is associated with disease pathogenesis. Several studies analyzing fecal and mucosal samples demonstrate a distinct gut microbiome in individuals with PSC compared to healthy controls and individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) without PSC. Experimental mouse and observational human data suggest that a diverse set of microbial functions may be relevant, including microbial metabolites and bacterial processing of pharmacological agents, bile acids, or dietary compounds, altogether driving the intrahepatic inflammation. Despite critical progress in this field over the past years, further functional characterization of the role of the microbiota in PSC and related malignancies is needed. In this review, we discuss the available data on the role of the gut microbiome and elucidate important insights into underlying pathogenic mechanisms and possible microbe-altering interventions.

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Coevolution between the Human Microbiota and the Epithelial Immune System

Cited by 9 publications

References 33 publications

Antitumor Activity of Extract From the Sporoderm-Breaking Spore of Ganoderma lucidum: Restoration on Exhausted Cytotoxic T Cell With Gut Microbiota Remodeling

Antitumor Activity of Extract From the Sporoderm-Breaking Spore of Ganoderma lucidum: Restoration on Exhausted Cytotoxic T Cell With Gut Microbiota Remodeling

Gastroprotective Mechanisms

The Role of Microbiota in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis and Related Biliary Malignancies

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