Coeruptive and posteruptive crustal deformation associated with the 2018 Kusatsu-Shirane phreatic eruption based on PALSAR-2 time-series analysis

Abstract

Coeruptive deformation helps to interpret physical processes associated with volcanic eruptions. Because phreatic eruptions cause small, localized coeruptive deformation, we sometimes fail to identify plausible deformation signals. Satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data allow us to identify extensive deformation fields with high spatial resolutions. Herein, we report coeruptive crustal deformation associated with the 2018 Kusatsu-Shirane phreatic eruption detected by time series analyses of L-band satellite SAR (ALOS-2/PALSAR-2) data. Cumulative deformation maps derived from SAR time series analyses show that subsidence and eastward displacement dominate the southwestern side of an eruptive crater with a spatial extent of approximately 2 km in diameter. Although we were unable to identify any significant deformation signals before the 2018 eruption, posteruptive deformation on the southwestern side of the crater has been ongoing until the end of 2019. This prolonged deformation implies the progression of posteruptive physical processes within a confined hydrothermal system, such as volcanic fluid discharge, similar to the processes observed during the 2014 Ontake eruption. Although accumulated snow and dense vegetation hinder the detection of deformation signals on Kusatsu-Shirane volcano using conventional InSAR data, L-band SAR with various temporal baselines allowed us to successfully extract both coeruptive and posteruptive deformation signals. The extracted cumulative deformation is well explained by a combination of normal faulting with a left-lateral slip component along a southwest-dipping fault plane and an isotropic deflation. Based on the geological background in which the shallow hydrothermal system develops across Kusatsu-Shirane volcano, the inferred dislocation plane can be considered as a degassing pathway from the shallow hydrothermal system to the surface due to the phreatic eruption. We reconfirmed that SAR data is a robust tool for detecting coeruptive and posteruptive deformations, which are helpful for understanding shallow physical processes associated with phreatic eruptions at active volcanoes.

Imaging the Hydrothermal System of Kirishima Volcanic Complex With L‐Band InSAR Time Series

“…Geophysical monitoring of phreatic eruptions has been challenging due to their localized deformation signals with small magnitude and sudden occurrence with few if any precursors (Kobayashi et al., 2018). Although not as frequently as magmatic processes, ground deformation associated with hydrothermal processes has been observed in all stages of volcanic eruption cycles, including the pre‐eruptive (Kobayashi et al., 2018; Narita et al., 2020), co‐eruptive (Himematsu et al., 2020), post‐eruptive period (Hamling et al., 2016; Nakaboh et al., 2003; Narita & Murakami, 2018), and non‐eruptive unrest period (Battaglia et al., 2006; Lu et al., 2002; Lundgren et al., 2001).…”

Observing Posteruptive Deflation of Hydrothermal System Using InSAR Time Series Analysis: An Application of ALOS‐2/PALSAR‐2 Data on the 2015 Phreatic Eruption of Hakone Volcano, Japan

“…Measurements of crustal deformation in volcanic regions play an important role in volcano monitoring. With the recent development of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) technology, posteruptive deflation has been observed after phreatic eruptions in various volcanoes (e.g., Hamling et al., 2016; Himematsu et al., 2020; Narita & Murakami, 2018). Volcanic deflation, which occurs at different temporal and spatial scales, is explained by various factors, such as decreases in pore pressure resulting from fluid migration (e.g., Todesco et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2019) and thermoelastic responses with cooling (e.g., Furuya, 2005; Wang & Aoki, 2019).…”