“…In total, 14 (21.5%) studies assessed how human-like chatbots are (realism) [17,18,21,34,39,41,46,50,63,66,68,[70][71][72]. Realism of chatbots was examined in terms of verbal responses only [17,21,34,39,46,63,68,70], nonverbal responses only [66], or both verbal and nonverbal responses [18,41,50,71,72]. The included studies evaluated realism using a single question in a self-administrated questionnaire [17,18,21,39,46,50,63,70], multiple questions in a self-administrated questionnaire [41,72], and interviews [18,34,66,68,71].…”