Coefficient of Condition in Relation to Copper Levels in Muscle of Serranochromis Fish and Sediment from the Kafue River, Zambia

Heavy Metal Accumulation in Lake Sediments, Fish (Oreochromis niloticus and Serranochromis thumbergi), and Crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) in Lake Itezhi-tezhi and Lake Kariba, Zambia

“…This is consistent with the other reports that heavy metal concentrations are generally inversely correlated with the trophic level (Andres et al 2000, Amundsen et al 1997. S. thumbergi typically preys on insects and smaller fish, such as the Streep-rower (Brycinus lateralis) (Choongo et al 2005;Utsugi andMazingaliwa 2002, Skelton 1993), which have a lower total body load of Cu (whole animal: 4.0 mg/kg, Syakalima et al 2001). Taken together, these results suggest that the feeding habits of O. niloticus resulted in greater exposure to Cu in Lake ITT, relative to C. quadricarinatus and S.…”

“…The coefficient of condition (K) in fish and crayfish was calculated for each sample using the formula K=W×10 5 /L 3 , where, K=coefficient of condition, W=weight in grams, and L=body length in millimeters (Choongo et al 2005). …”

Geographic Information System-Based Source Estimation of Copper Pollution in Lake Itezhi-tezhi and Metal-Accumulation Profiles in Oreochromis spp. from Both Field and Laboratory Studies

“…1). In agreement with previous studies that reported high concentrations of Cu in water and sediment around mining areas in the Copperbelt region (Choongo et al, 2005;Ikenaka et al, 2010;Mwase et al, 1998;Norrgren et al, 2000), we observed that Cu pollution occurred in the northern part of the lake, probably from the Copperbelt mining area, where Cu wastes passed through the Kafue River and reached Lake ITT located in the Kafue National Park. On the contrary, Cd and Hg distribution patterns were different from those of Cu.…”

“…The coefficient of condition (K) in fish was calculated for each sample using the formula K = (W/L 3 ) × 10 2 , where, K = coefficient of condition, W = weight in grams, and L = standard length in centimeters (Choongo et al, 2005;Nakayama et al, 2010).…”

Metal and metalloid levels and bio-accumulation characteristics in soil, sediment, land plants and hippopotami (Hippopotamus amphibius L) from the South Luangwa National Park, Zambia

“…Zambia is well known as a mining country (Stockwell et al, 2001) and metal pollution has been reported in aquatic environments around and downstream of mining areas (Nakayama et al, 2011Ikenaka et al, 2010;Choongo et al, 2005;Norrgren et al, 2000). However, the South Luangwa National Park (including the Luangwa River) is considered to be a relatively unexploited and uncontaminated area because of limited traffic within the national park and distance from industrial, agricultural and mining areas (Almli et al, 2005;Mwase et al, 2002).…”