Codon optimization, expression in Escherichia coli, and immunogenicity analysis of deformed wing virus (DWV) structural protein

Abstract

Background Deformed wing virus (DWV) is a serious threat to honey bees (Apis mellifera) and is considered a major cause of elevated losses of honey bee colonies. However, lack of information on the immunogenicity of DWV structural proteins has hindered the development of effective biocontrol drugs. Methods We optimized the VP1, VP2 and VP3 codons of DWV surface capsid protein genes on the basis of an Escherichia coli codon bias, and the optimized genes of roVP1, roVP2 and roVP3 were separately expressed in E. coli and purified. Next, the three recombinant proteins of roVP1, roVP2 and roVP3 were intramuscularly injected into BALB/c and the immunogenicity was evaluated by the levels of specific IgG and cytokines. Furthermore, anti-roVP-antisera (roVP1 or roVP2 or roVP3) from the immunized mice was incubated with DWV for injecting healthy white-eyed pupae for the viral challenge test, respectively. Results The optimized genes roVP1, roVP2 and roVP3 achieved the expression in E. coli using SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. Post-immunization, roVP2 and roVP3 exhibited higher immunogenicity than roVP1 and stimulated a stronger humoral immune response in the mice, which showed that the recombinant proteins of roVP3 and roVP2 induced a specific immune response in the mice. In the challenge test, data regarding quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) from challenged pupae showed that the level of virus copies in the recombinant protein groups was significantly lower than that of the virus-only group at 96 h post-inoculation (P < 0.05). Among them, the degree of neutralization using antibodies raised to the recombinant proteins are between approximately 2-fold and 4-fold and the virus copies of the roVP3 group are the lowest in the three recombinant protein groups, which indicated that specific antibodies against recombinant proteins roVP1, roVP2 and roVP3 of DWV could neutralize DWV to reduce the virus titer in the pupae. Collectively, these results demonstrated that the surface capsid protein of DWV acted as candidates for the development of therapeutic antibodies against the virus.

Interaction between the VP2 protein of deformed wing virus and host snapin protein and its effect on viral replication

“…The structural proteins consist of VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4, of which VP1 is 44 kDa in size and is the largest capsid protein of all viruses in the order Picornavirales (Organtini et al, 2016). The size of VP2 (32 kDa) and VP3 (28 kDa) is similar to that of other picornavirus capsid proteins, and VP2 has been reported to exhibit good immunogenicity (Fei et al, 2020). Previous studies have shown that the structural proteins of Iflavirus are involved in viral invasion and replication (Brutscher et al, 2016;Kalynych et al, 2016;Procházková et al, 2018;Zhang et al, 2019).…”