Codium fragile Ethanol Extraction Inhibited Inflammatory Response through the Inhibition of JNK Phosphorylation

Abstract

Codium fragile (CF) is an edible green alga consumed as a traditional food source in Korea. In this study, the ethanol extract of CF was evaluated to determine if it has anti-inflammatory activity. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a toxin from bacteria, is a potent inducer of inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6. Therefore, we studied whether CF extracts have an anti-inflammatory effect in LPS-induced murine macrophage cell lines (RAW 264.7). In the present study, IL-6 production was measured using an enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) production was measured using the EIA kit, and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation were determined by Western blot analysis. IL-6 mRNA, COX-2 mRNA and iNOS mRNA expression were measured using reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results indicated that CF extracts inhibit LPS-induced IL-6, NO and PGE 2 production in a dose-dependent manner, as well as expression of iNOS and COX-2. CF extracts significantly inhibited LPS-induced c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) 1/2 phosphorylation. Taken together, these findings may help elucidate the mechanism by which CF modulates RAW 264.7 cell activation under inflammatory conditions.

Codium fragile Suppresses PM2.5-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction by Regulating Gut–Brain Axis via TLR-4/MyD88 Pathway

“…In recent studies, Codium fragile has been reported to have physiological activities such as anti-obesity as a probiotic, inhibition of food edema inflammation, and skin improvement [ 15 , 16 , 17 ]. In addition, Codium fragile ethanol extract had an anti-inflammatory effect in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells [ 18 ]. However, there is little research on Codium fragile between PM 2.5 and the gut–brain axis.…”