Codification of scan path parameters and development of perimeter scan strategies for 3D bowl-shaped laser forming

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Validation of Sheet Laser Forming Processes Using General Scanning Paths

“…A sequence of combined linear scans was also used by Imani Shahabad et al [ 23 ] to produce dome-shaped aluminum sheet products, where the influence of operating parameters such as laser power, scan velocity, beam diameter, and sheet thickness was experimentally and numerically assessed on the final dome height. Finally, Tavakoli et al [ 24 , 25 , 26 ] studied, through experiments and numerical simulations, different strategies for 3D bowl-shaped laser forming. Circular scan paths considering continuous and discontinuous irradiations applied in clockwise and counterclockwise directions have both been analyzed by assessing their influence on the average height in different locations, edge distortion, and standard deviation from the final desired bowl shape [ 24 ].…”

“…A radial scanning pattern was also proposed to form bowl shapes, where central convergent radial scan paths with a 30° angular step were found to generate the most uniform bowl shape, decreasing distortion, and resulting in an appropriate bowl height [ 25 ]. More recently, the bowl-shaped forming was extended to encompass combinations of linear and curved paths, order of scan sequences, starting position and direction of each scan, and the use of continuous or discontinuous scan paths, where the combined linear sequence was identified as the better strategy in order to achieve greater bowl heights in comparison to those obtained with curved scanning paths [ 26 ] (it should be noted that the definition of optimal tool path strategies and process control parameters is also relevant in all laser-based technologies, such as laser cladding [ 27 , 28 , 29 ]).…”

Experimental and Simulation Analysis of Effects of Laser Bending on Microstructures Applied to Advanced Metallic Alloys

“…Recently, research carried out on LBF for bending has mainly focused on the thermomechanical effects of operating variables, such as the laser beam diameter, power and velocity, surface coating, and sheet dimensions [2][3][4][5][6]. In parallel, other authors have developed scanning strategies to manufacture parts of complex geometries, such as single and multi-run sequences and linear and curved laser paths [3,[7][8][9][10][11][12]. Thus, this kind of forming method has recently become a viable and widespread process to be applied in shaping different metallic components, especially due to the sophistication of laser techniques and their wide availability in various industries.…”

“…A wide range of metallic materials have been treated via LBF for bending and welding purposes, e.g., AISI 1010 [5,7,[13][14][15] and S275 [8] mild steels, AISI 302 [11,16] and AISI 304 [4,6,11,12,17] stainless steels, AA 6013 aluminum alloy under both annealed and as-welded conditions [18,19], AA 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, and Ti6Al4V titanium alloy [3]. In addition, the influence of material properties on the LBF process has been addressed via numerical simulations in terms of the relationship between the final bending angle and material parameters, such as the Young's modulus, yield strength, thermal expansion coefficient, specific heat, and thermal conductivity [20].…”

Bowl surface laser forming process of stainless steel composite plate

“…In recent years, two-dimensional single curvature deformation has been unable to meet the needs of industrial production, and three-dimensional multiple curvature complex forming has become a research hotspot. Tavakoli et al [11] planned a number of hexagonal heating paths with different side lengths on AISI 304 circular plates, and the three-dimensional bowl surface was obtained, furthermore, the effects of the starting point and direction of the heating line on the edge height and forming accuracy of the target surface were studied. Gisario et al [12] compared the effects of radial scanning strategy, circumferential scanning strategy, radial scanning strategy combined with circumferential scanning strategy on the forming law of arch surface.…”