Codex Alimentarius Guidelines for Risk Analysis of Foodborne Antimicrobial Resistance Are Incompatible with Available Surveillance Data

Abstract

Foodborne antimicrobial resistant (AMR) microorganisms are a global food safety concern. Antimicrobial drug use (AMU) in livestock may increase the risk of resistant foodborne bacterial infections in humans via contaminated animal products. Consequently, countries have implemented different livestock AMU restriction policies, opening the potential for trade disputes. AMR risk equivalence between countries with different AMU policies must be established using scientifically justified risk assessments. The Codex Alimentarius Commission’s Guidelines for Risk Analysis of Foodborne Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR Codex) recommends an approach that requires quantification of detailed information, for which, in many instances, little to no data exists. Using AMR Salmonella exposure from beef consumption as an example, we demonstrate the difficulty of implementing the AMR Codex by comparing key regionally specific parameters within the United States and European Union, two regions with substantial beef production and consumption, robust foodborne pathogen sampling and surveillance systems, and different AMU policies. Currently, neither region fully captures data for key regional variables to populate a detailed risk assessment as outlined in the AMR Codex, nor are they able to adequately link AMU in livestock to AMR infections in humans. Therefore, the AMR Codex guidelines are currently aspirational and not a viable option to assess the impact of livestock AMU reductions on the human health risk of AMR Salmonellosis from beef, nor produce regionally comparable estimates of risk. More flexible risk assessment guidelines that more directly link livestock AMU to human health risk and that is amenable to currently available data is needed to allow for country variations and to calculate comparable regional risk estimates, which can be used to guide international trade policy.

Food safety knowledge and practice of abattoir and butcher shop workers: a health risk management perspective

“…During meat processing activities, the meat has the potential to be contaminated by pathogens. To produce safe and wholesome meat, the meat handlers should practice according to the food safety standards [12]. Such standards include good biosecurity practices, good manufacturing practices, good hygiene practices, and standard operating systems [13].…”

Contribution of Food to the Human Health Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance

“…The key gap in research data was the lack of dose–response models, a gap that could be linked to the difficulties associated with defining clinical outputs for resistant bacteria. Other research highlighted the difficulties in finding suitable data for detailed farm-to-fork risk assessments that try to follow Codex Guidelines for risk analysis of foodborne AMR (Taylor et al, 2022 ).…”

Strategi Pemasaran Ekspansi Ekspor Produk Kecap Menggunakan Analisis Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix

“…Codex Alimentarius Codex Alimentarius adalah badan internasional yang dibentuk oleh Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) dan Organisasi Pangan dan Pertanian (FAO) PBB. Codex mengembangkan standar dan pedoman yang berlaku internasional untuk pangan, termasuk kecap (Taylor et al, 2022).…”