Codeine Phosphate

Inflammation‐Activated Endogenous Macrophage‐Mediated Prodrug Delivery System Overcoming Biological Barriers for Enhanced Oral Meningitis Therapy

“…Administered IV, CTX is typically presented as CTX sodium, a salt form, to improve its solubility and stability in aqueous solutions. [44] Importantly, this sodium form is a carboxylate salt (COO -), [45] recognized for being one of the least reactive carbonyl derivatives. [46] Highlighting the need to enhance reactivity, the first step involved modifying the amine group of CTX by reacting it with thiodiglycolic anhydride in water.…”

“…The betalactam ring stands out as crucial for its antibacterial function, while the amine group, though integral to the overall chemical structure, does not play a direct role in the antibacterial mechanism. [44,45] In the evaluation of antibacterial efficacy, a droplet test was employed to compare CTX with its modified counterpart (modified CTX), where the amine group was altered, against K. pneumoniae. The droplet test, a recognized technique for quantifying substance activities against bacteria, [53,54] involved the cultivation of K. pneumoniae in the presence of free CTX or modified CTX at varying concentrations.…”

“…The treatment regimen comprised two doses per day for five consecutive days. [6,45] During the treatment period, each group was monitored for changes in body weight and survival rates. Brain tissue analysis was conducted on test mice either upon reaching the experimental endpoint or upon their death to assess bacterial loads and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines.…”

“…Mice received two daily doses continuously over a 5day treatment period. [6,7,45] The mice's body weights were recorded every other day to monitor any changes.…”